Society for East Asian Archaeology (SEAA) - SEAA Conference Beijing 2008

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

AHN, Sung-Mo (Dept. of Archaeology and Art History, Wonkwang Univ. Korea)
Problems of Size Statistics of Archaoebotanical Crop Grains
Panel: New data and issues of archaeobotany in East Asia (Gary CRAWFORD, Hiroki OBATA, Zhijun ZHAO)

I'll discuss problems of size statistics of archaeobotanical crop grains. How many grains can represent the population and must have been measured? How can we choose grains for measurement from samples? How accurately can we sort undeveloped grains? Should we report the size measurement of undeveloped grains? There occur some errors of measurement according to the method of measurement. There are also some limitations when comparing different size statistics whether from archaeobotanical or modern samples. In order to deal with above questions, I'll introduce my experiment using rice grains from Sacheonri site (c. 3000 BP) in Korea, and discuss recent issues of Hemudu rice as unripe wild one.

AIKENS, Clyde Melvin (University of Oregon Department of Anthropology and Museum of Cultural and Natural History, USA)
Inter-regional Interaction in Pacific Northeast Asia: Early Pottery, Bronze and Iron Technology, and the Emergence of Social Complexity (with Song Nai Rhee and Irina S. Zhushchikhovskaya)
Panel: Inter-regional interaction in East Asian Prehistory and History (Francis ALLARD)

Inter-regional interaction is ancient in Pacific Northeast Asia, beginning in terminal Pleistocene times. A great zone extending from the Russian Far East through Korea, Japan, and China displays a cultural unity that begins with shared Upper Paleolithic technologies. It continues with the widespread emergence of pottery technology during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and a later spread of bronze and iron technology, and culminates in later Holocene times with the emergence of social complexity at varying levels across the same zone. This deep history documents a complex and continuing interplay of environmental, technological, and sociological variables that has given rise to a whole series of unique yet unquestionably interwoven traditional cultures of far northeast Asia.

ALEKSANDROVNA, Fedoseeva Svetlana (Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Sakha Republic (Yakutia) Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Neolithic of Northeast Asia
Panel: NN

Detailed features of Syalakh (6,500-5,200 before present) and Belkachy (5,200-4,100 before present) Neolithic cultures, and Ymyiakhtakh (4100-3300 before present) culture transitional from Neolithic to bronze age are reported. Proposition is determined that each of the cultures consequently occupied the territory of Yakutia, as well as Taimyr and Chukotka. Substantial differences in the tool inventory of the sites of the cultures present in the south of the area (in taiga zone) and in the north (in tundra zone) have not yet been observed.
At first sight, these cultures areas strike with their "enormous" territories. One cannot exclude that definition of such wide areas is in some sense explained by the fact that comparison of archaeological assemblages between each other is made by very general features due to the lack of materials (especially from the northern sites). With data accumulation, the comparison of assemblages will be made by much greater number of tool series than now. In time, this can lead to separation of special local variants and chronological stages for various cultures.
However, those in doubt as to wide areas of archaeological cultures of Northeast Asia should have in mind that by the time of the first Russian pioneers in the 17th century the related Evenk tribes inhabited as wide areas in the region.
In summary of the report the hypothesis will be proved that populations of Belkachy culture are connected with the origin of various tribes of American Indians of Na-dene language family.

ALLARD, Francis (Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA)
Exotic prestige goods and emergent social complexity in South China: Challenging the model of culture change
Panel: Inter-regional interaction in East Asian Prehistory and History (Francis ALLARD)

Models of culture change associated with inter-regional interaction often propose that some of the products and ideas that make up such interaction provide opportunities for the emergence of regional socio-political hierarchies, with regional leaders taking control of the channels of contact or of the local manufacture and redistribution of its most desirable elements. However, a consideration of the movement and copying of exotic goods in south Chinese prehistory indicates that access to such goods was typically not associated with the growth of stable complex systems.

AN, Jiayuan (National Museum of China, China)
A Study Faunal Remains from the Shangcheng Site
Panel: Methods and Issues in the Zooarchaeology of East Asia (YUAN Jing, Richard H. MEADOW)

Shangcheng Site is situated in Yuanqu County of Shanxi province, was excavated in 1986– 2003. Shangcheng site dated to Late Yangshao Culture ,Late Erlitou Culture, Early Erligang Culture , Late Erligang Culture and Song Dynasty ,from which a number of faunal remains were recovered. This paper is a summary of the analyzing these faunal materials. The presence of animal remains provide us with information of past environment and human behaviors, especial some changes in different historical period, as well as in societal structure of this area.
安家瑗 (中国国家博物馆 )
山西垣曲商城出土动物骨骼的研究
1986年——2003年，中国国家博物馆考古部对山西垣曲商城遗址进行发掘，此遗址包含了的仰韶晚期、二里头晚期、二里岗下层、二里岗上层、宋代共五个时代的文化遗存。这几个文化遗存中都出土了大量的动物骨骼。这些动物都有明确的出土层位、单位和编号，通过对这些骨骼的种属鉴定和定量分析，去研究这一地区古代居民在这五个时期中，所面临的自然环境、人们生产生活的各种信息以及社会结构的变化。

ARIF, Johan (Department of Geology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia)
The Upper third molar fossil of Homo erectus from Sangiran, Central Java, Indonesia
Panel: NN

In the context of Homo erectus fossil find in Indonesia, Sangiran is so far the famous site since there are a plenty of fossils, not only the fossil of early hominid but also other vertebrate fossils, have been discovered from this site. Those fossils were considered mostly come from the Pleistocene deposits.
In May 2005, a new fossilized isolated tooth of Homo erectus was discovered accidentally. It was found on the dry river bed of the Ngrejeng river, surrounding the Ngrejeng village of Sangiran. This new specimen, a well-preserved crown of the left upper third molar; the root is broken off just apical to the cervix, has been provisionally designated as Njg-2005.05.
In comparison of Njg-2005.05 to others upper third molars from similar stratum like Sangiran 17 and Skull IX (Tjg-1993.05), Njg-2005.05 has similar crown dimensions to those specimens. But if the specimens from the older stratum is considered, like Sangiran 4 and Sangiran 27, there is a dimensional difference trend that the more robust trait might exists on the layer below the Grenzbank zone. What is the cause? Whether this trend reflects the existence of evolutionary change or only reflects the sexual dimorphism?

ASTASHENKOVA, Elena (Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia)
Bohai Buddhistic Fine arts in Russian Maritime Region.
Panel: NN

The intensive archeological investigation of the Bohai sites in Russian Maritime Region gave us divers data on the Bohai culture. Articles of the fine arts are very impotent information source about character of Buddhism among Bohai population in Russian Maritime Region.
The stylistic features of Bohai Buddhistic sculpture and plastic art, which were found on the territory of Russian Maritime Region, point out the influence of Tang and Koguryo cultural traditions on them. Certainly, it is conditioned by the history of Bohai. But Bohai Buddhistic Art is not only result of merging the different cultures. Bohai craftsmen created a lot of exceptional ornaments for the tile discs (around eaves-tile), the unique design for the fixing in altar a miniature sculpture s of Buddha.
There are plenty of borrowings in the buddhistic Fine Art of Russian Maritime Region from the buddhistic Fine Art of the capital centers of Bohai, such as Upper Capital, East Capital and etc. The similar stylistic and iconographic elements were found in the material from different buddhistic temples of Russian Maritime Region although they belong to the different districts (Shuaibin and Lunguanfu) in Bohai period. So, Bohai makers from outlying areas orientated on the samples of art products making by their metropolitan colleagues.
Today’s we know only one Buddhistic temple that situated on the territory of ancient walled town (Kraskinskoye). And existence of the temple here conditioned by the status of this site as the capital center of Yanzhou district. For example, there are not any traces of buddhistic temple on the territory of the ancient walled town Gorbatka although its area is a little less than Kraskinskoye ancient walled town . Buddhistic temples which were found on the territory of Russian Maritime Region situated out of the ancient settlements limits. And the articles of the buddhistic fine arts were excavated on the territory of temples only, but not at the dwelling complex. We suppose that Buddhism is not so powerful in the outlying regions of Bohai.

B

BAR YOSEF, Ofer (Harvard University, Department of Anthropology, USA)
Emerging complexity: from foragers to farmers in the Yangze River valley
Panel: Comparative Study of Early Complex Societies in East Asia and the World (LI Liu and CHEN Xingcan)

Foragers who exploited wild rice as well as other plants while continuing to hunt, trap and fish, left behind the same archaeological markers that characterize the consumption of vegetal sources and continued hunting by early farmers. Pottery, as known from the entire East Asian records dates to 17-16 Ka cal B.P. and is not the hallmark of the Neolithic, as commonly known from Europe. Pottery appears in the Levantine Neolithic only after at least two millennia of cultivation and the emergence of domesticated plants and animals. If we borrow a tentative model from Western Asia as a toll for interpreting the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene archaeological information from the Yangze River valley, one may expect that intensive foraging strategies practiced by semi-sedentary groups of hunter-gatherers, resulted in the formation of complex social systems. Without resorting to detailed comparisons with either the Natufian culture or the American Northwest Coast societies, one may suspect that early villages, already dated to the first millennia of the Holocene in the eastern Yangze River drainage, especially from the basins of Dongting and Poyang lakes, could represent villages and hamlets of complex societies prior to the emergence of systematic cultivation of rice.

BARUA, Upala (Cotton College, Guwahati India)
The Origin Of Kamakhya Complex. Was It A Buddhist Site?
Panel: NN

Kamakhya temple in the city of Guwahati – popularly known as the Saktipeetha – (centre of strength and power) is perhaps the oldest known Hindu temple complex in the North east of India. Although the temple was reconstructed in the 16th century by the Koch king, yet the original structure could be dated back to 5th century AD. There are also clues that lead one to believe that original structure might be of a Buddhist temple. There are also minor Buddhist temples in and around the kamakhya temple complex. Buddhism spread in this region of India during 5th and 6th century and therefore it is not impossible to believe that the adjoining areas of the temple complex was used as a learning site of Buddhism. The paper presents the prominent Buddhist materials found around the temple complex.

BARUAH, Tiluttoma (Cotton College, India)
The Potters and Pottery of Majuli, Assam in North-East India
Panel: NN

Pottery is a powerful tool for the interpretation of past-present continuum.This is also considerd one of the landmark of the "Neolithic Revolution" alongwith agriculture and a sedentary way of life. In archaeological context,pottery provides some of the most useful data on chronology,site to site relationship,ritual and dietary practices,the economic relationship of production and exchange and many other aspects of cultural behaviour(Choksi 1998).India is a country where 75% of the people are following Hinduism.So here in all religious purposes,the pottery plays a major role.In this paper an attempt has been made to show how the potters of Majuli,Assam of North-East India are still continuing their tradition and how their occupation is helping in Hindues to continue their tradition.

BAUSCH, Ilona (Leiden University, The Netherlands)
Changing Jomon landscape perception and use, from the perspective of jadeite exchange
Panel: Prehistoric Landscape Shifts in the East Asian Inland Seas (UCHIYAMA Junzo, Hideyuki ONISHI, Ilona BAUSCH)

BENNET, Gwen (Washington University in St. Louis, USA)
CPAS Project Environmental Archaeology Investigations on the Chengdu Plains: Goals and Findings (with Edwin HAJIC, JIANG Zhanghua, Rowan FLAD, Pochan CHEN, LI Shuicheng)
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

Sichuan’s Chengdu Plain is a highly active environmental zone with a dynamic fluvial system. While the region’s rivers have been nominally tamed, during prehistory and much of the historic period its water regimen had major impacts on all aspects of settlement in the Plain. In addition to the CPAS Project’s settlement pattern investigations in the Pi Xian Gucheng region of the Plain, it is also doing environmental testing to better understand the nature of the landscape and environment during the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods and its effects on choice of settlement location, the development of water control facilities, and resource acquisition during the Neolithic Baodun and Bronze Age Sanxingdui and Shierqiao periods.

BENNET, Gwen (Washington University in St. Louis, USA)
Archaeology, cultural heritage and identity in North China
Panel: The past in contemporary China: new directions and challenges (Luisa MENGONI and Magnus FISKESJÖ)

This paper examines how archaeological and historical artefacts are exhibited and interpreted by museums, site museums, and monuments in North China to educate the public on regional and national prehistory and history, to construct regional identities, to promote tourism, and to further policy aims. A selection of examples from North China will be compared and contrasted.

BETTINGER, Robert L. (University of California at Davis, USA)
The Paleolithic Record At Dadiwan, Eastern Longxi Basin, Gansu (with Loukas BARTON, Christopher T. MORGAN, CHEN Fahu, ZHANG Dongju, JI Duxue )
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

Recent excavations at the Dadiwan site in the eastern Longxi Basin, Gansu, produced a stratified record of human activity from ca. 60,000 B.P. to 5000 B.P. Dated by OSL and radiocarbon, the 8.5 m Dadiwan section contains matching cultural and environmental records that speak to the appearance of anatomically modern humans, hominid biogeography during the LGM, the spread of the North China microlithic, and ultimately the transition to agriculture. Regional site surveys suggest that for most of this time settlement-subsistence systems were centered in the Longxi uplands surrounding Dadiwan, itself a minor settlement until after the LGM.

BETTS, Alison (University of Sydney, Australia)
External influences on the bronze age of the Zhunge’er Basin, Xinjiang
Panel: Comparative Study of Early Complex Societies in East Asia and the World (LI Liu and CHEN Xingcan)

This paper will present a review of the later prehistory of the Zhunge’er Basin in north-western China. It is clear from an extremely wide variety of evidence including metals, fabrics, botanical and faunal data, burial customs, physical anthropology and linguistic analysis, that in later prehistoric times Xinjiang was greatly influenced from external sources, either through cultural diffusion or through direct migration. The paper will discuss the evidence for such influence in the Bronze Age of the Zhunge’er Basin. A certain amount came from contact with the east, but by far the greatest impact came from the west, most particularly from the Altai region and the Eurasian steppes.

BORELL, Brigitte (Germany)
The glass vessels from Guangxi Province
Panel: The contribution of glass study to East Asian archaeology (James LANKTON, Phyllis LIN)

The glass vessels – mainly small moulded cups and shallow bowls – were found in tombs dating from the Western and Eastern Han periods. In the past some of them have been considered as western imports, however, the details of their shapes reveal them as locally made, and they can now be recognised as a well-established group of glass vessels manufactured in southern China. According to the published analyses, a low-CaO potash glass was used, possibly imported as raw glass from farther south. In addition, a proposal is made for the identification of a find from Arikamedu as belonging to this group of glass vessels, thus providing additional evidence for maritime long-distance connections in this period.

BORUTSKAYA ,Svetlana*, VESILYEV, Sergey V.**, GERASIMOVA, Margarita K.** (* Department of Anthropology, Moscow State University; **Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Human skeletal materials from the Neolithic-Aeneolithic burial ground of Fofonovo in the lower reaches of the Selenga (Zanbaikal).
Panel: Bioarchaeological research in East Asia (Ekaterina PECHENKINA)

Morphological characteristics of skulls from the Fofonovo burial ground excavated by Okladnikov and Gerasimov and analyzed by Denets (1948), Gochman (1954), and Gerasimova (1992), have been discussed in the literature numerous times in connection with the hypothesis of population interbreeding. Current analysis was stimulated by new radiocarbon dates for this burial ground and an increase in the size of the cranial series. In this paper we discuss the biological distances of the Fofonavo people from other Neolithic and Aeneolithic populations of Asia, as well as reconstruct patterns of physical activity and other aspects of human lifestyle in this ancient community.
(This study has been completed with financial support from the Program of Fundamental Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences Программы: "Adaptations of peoples and cultures to environmental changes, social and technological transformations".)

BRANTINGHAM, P. Jeffrey (Department of Anthropology, UCLA, USA)
The Late Colonization of the Tibetan Plateau: New Evidence from Qinghai Provence, China
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

Human foraging populations ventured into extreme high elevation environments of the northern Tibetan Plateau much later than previously thought. At present there is little evidence for occupations older than approximately 15,000 BP, reflecting a combination of environmental barriers and a lack of population pressures in lower elevation environments that would drive dispersal. Populations are present on the margins of the northern Plateau in greater numbers during the terminal Pleistocene, 15,000-12,000 BP, but sites appear to represent short-term, seasonal occupations. Permanent occupations may have been established only during the early Holocene, 11,000-8200 BP, suggesting that competition with early agriculturalists may have pushed foragers onto the northern Plateau. New archaeological evidence from Qinghai Province is reviewed in support of these hypotheses.

BYINGTON, Mark (Korea Institute, Harvard University, USA)
Characteristics and Context of Puyo Mortuary Practice in Northeastern China
Panel: Funerary Systems in Northeast Asia: The Formation and Development of Regional Cultures (Ariane PERRIN)

This paper involves a discussion and analysis of the mortuary practices of Puyŏ (Fuyu) in central Jilin Province, China. The research includes diachronic analysis of burial and ritual practice and tomb structure associated with Puyŏ and its antecedents in the Songhua River basin, and comparison with the surrounding regions. Goals will be to summarize current knowledge of Puyŏ mortuary characteristics and discussion of how long- and short-distance cultural exchanges may have influenced social change as reflected in burial practices.

C

CAMERON, Judith Anne (Australian National University, Australia)
Xianrendong and the Origins of Spinning and Weaving in South China
Panel: NN

Excavations of Neolithic sites in China have produced large numbers of tools associated with spinning and weaving and yet the origins of textile technology remains unclear. This paper puts forward the hypothesis that there were two independent origin centres for textile technology in North and South China. By focusing on tools, the paper aims to show the independent development of spinning and weaving amongst early rice groups at Xianrendong in the Middle Yangzi and the gradual movement of the technology into Taiwan and other parts of Southeast Asia during the late prehistoric period.

CAMPBELL, Roderick Bruce (New York University, USA)
Shang Sources of Power: Towards a Networks and Boundaries Approach to Early Complex Polities
Panel: New Insights into the archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age (Lothar von FALKENHAUSEN and Xu HONG)

Despite the current consensus concerning the desirability of a shift away from typological debate and toward the functioning of early polities, the current debates over the presence, absence and ubiquity of city-states versus territorial states returns the focus to classification. Based on a critical reformulation of Mann¡¯s work on networks of social power, I propose a ¡°networks and boundaries¡± approach to investigating early complex polities illustrated with the example of Shang China. I will show how this approach resolves debates concerning the nature of the Shang polity with a more nuanced understanding of its practical, material and discursive networks.

CARLSON, Roy L. (Department of Achaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby B.C., Canada, Canada)
Northeast Asia and the Northwest Coast of North America
Panel: Comparative Study of Early Complex Societies in East Asia and the World (LI Liu and CHEN Xingcan)

In 1923 A.L. Kroeber wrote in contemplating the prehistory of the Northwest Coast of North America that pre-Columbian American culture could be divided into four groups: 1 elements brought by the original inhabitants; 2. widespread elements developed on American soil; 3. elements developed and remaining local; and 4. elements introduced from Asia. Kroeber used ethnological elements such as woven hats and armour in applying this model. Today we have an 11,500 year long cultural chronology for the Northwest Coast stretching from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene, and an even longer chronology for east Asia. In this paper I use Kroeber's model, but apply it to archaeological data in the attempt to estimate the degree and kind of Asiatic influence on pre-contact Northwest Coast cultures.

CHANG, Nigel (School of Arts and Social Sciences, James Cook University, Australia)
Personal Ornaments in Prehistoric Thailand and Their Wider Context: are ideas or people moving from China into Southeast Asia with the appearance of farming and again at the beginning of the Southeast Asian Bronze Age
Panel: NN

There appears to be a loose, but not unanimous, consesus amongst archaeologists that rice farming was first developed in southern China and that one of its consequences was a growing population that, in turn, was eventually responsible for the introduction of an agricultural lifestyle into Southeast Asia. This paper investigates this hypothesis by examining the personal ornaments associated with East and Southeast Asian archaeology from about 5000 BC. Are forms, styles and methods of use such that a similar culture is represented across the region? How well does the personal ornament evidence relate to other cultural markers, for example pottery styles and mortuary rituals? I also identify the beginning of the Bronze Age in Southeast Asia as a second period requiring investigation. Specific personal ornaments clearly link East and Southeast Asia cultures at the same time that metal working technologies are becoming apparent in Southeast Asia. Again, are we seeing the movement of people or of ideas?

CHANTHOURN, Thuy (Archaeology, Royal Academy of Cambodia, Cambodia)
Circular Earthwork Sites in Eastern of the Mekong River
Panel: NN

The circular earthwork sites are found on the plateau of the basaltic red soil to the east of the Mekong River in between Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam , where the basal red soil starts in Dalat , Vietnam and Ratanakiry , Cambodia is protruding to the south. According to the fertility of the red soil tropical regions, many types of plants grow very well in the Circular Earthwork sites in these areas. The project was conducted in order to document of circular earthwork sites and its culture which was spread throughout the region east of the Mekong River . The sites are characterised by a circular wall - inside the wall is a ditch then there is a circle inner platform, which used to be the settlements area. The sites are usually more than 200 meters in diameter. With this research present 28 sites in Vietnam and 34 sites in Cambodia . In total 62 circular earthworks sites have been documented to date in the region Cambodia and Vietnam . Several sites have been seriously damaged, because of the ignorance of this most important archaeological site in Southeast Asia . Although these sites are endangered there is a need to document them and then submit a proposal to the appropriate authorities for conservation. The rich prehistoric settlements associated with lithic tools and port shards at the sites can provide valuable data on pertinent archaeological and anthropological issues. The aim is to document them for future comparative study between circular earthwork sites in Cambodia and Vietnam with circle sites in Thailand to determine the nature of the socio-political dynamic during the period at these sites.)

CHEN Chun (Fudan University, China)
Lithic Analysis of the Xiaonanhai Assemblage Unearthed in 1978 (with An Jiayuan, Chen Hong)
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

This is a research of the lithic assemblage unearthed from the Xiaonanhai Cave site in 1978 by the late An Zhiming at Anyang County, Henan Province, in combination with the first excavation reported in 1965. The article points out that poor quality raw materials played a major constrains to the lithic industry from the Xiaonanhai. Highly developed fissure within chert caused lithc artifacts small in size. Hard hammer direct percussion is a dominant approach. Biploar technique is commonly used as well, which might have been employed to deal with small poor quality raw materials. Secondary retouch is simple and rough, and a few tool types could be classified. Most are probably debitage or discarded blanks. Usewear analysis shows that most were used to process soft materials. Due to the habitat characterized by an environment similar to tropic forest, expedient technology might have attributed to abundant and poor raw materials, affluent and diverse food resources. The article argues that the Xiaonanhai industry might not be traditionally related with the industry of Loc.1 at Zhoukoudian as previously thought; instead it might have represented a specific adaptation to local environment. In terms of current situation and development of Paleolithic archaeology, unilinear model is no longer relevant to explain the Paleolithic development in North China.

CHEN Maa-ling (Department of Anthropology, National Taiwan University, China)
NN
Panel: Some New Practices in Taiwanese Archaeological Research (Maaling CHEN and Pochan CHEN)

CHEN Pei-Yu (NTU, Department of Anthropology, China)
Evaluation of a Ceramic Analysis Unit, Vessel Lot versus Sherd—A Case Study on the Production and Standardization of Pottery from the She-kow Site
Panel: Some New Practices in Taiwanese Archaeological Research (Maaling CHEN and Pochan CHEN)

In archaeological studies, "vessel lot" and "sherd" both refer to pottery. Although pottery is often excavated from archaeological sites in the form of sherds, the unit that people cognize and use is "vessel lot" rather than "sherd." Moreover, some attributes such as typology, diameter, and height will also be missed if sherd is used as the analytic unit. Aware of this shortcoming, Chilton (1994) advocated taking the vessel lot as an analytic unit to deal with archaeological subjects. Following this concept, two questions are addressed in this paper: (1) Can the vessel lot be correctly constructed by attribute analysis? (2) Will it be more efficient to take the vessel lot rather than the sherd as a unit to discuss archeological topics? To answer these two questions, ceramic data from She-Kou site were taken as an example. For the first question, cluster analysis is used to reconstruct the vessel lots. For the second one, a standardization issue is used as an example to examine whether the use of "sherd" and "vessel" unit would lead to any difference. By evaluating the efficiency of the vessel lot unit, it is believed that the result is good enough to encourage archaeologists to classify potsherds into vessel lots and then use it as the analytic unit in archaeological research.

CHEN Pochan (Department of Anthropology, National Taiwan University, China)
Understanding Chu from the perspectives of world-systems theory
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

The expansion of Chu is an important issue in Eastern Zhou archaeology. However, “Chu” has become a very vague term although it is treated as an entity with clear boundaries by many scholars. In this paper, with a refined framework from the world-systems theory, I will examine Chu from political, economic, ideological and military perspectives according to ancient texts and newly discovered archaeological materials. I believe that these four spheres are inconsistent and we should have a finer framework to explore regional interactions in Bronze Age Chinese archaeology.

CHENG, Xuexiang (Archaeology Department, Shandong University, China)
Analysis of Floatation Results from the Daxinzhuang Site, Jinan, Shandong, China
Panel: New data and issues of archaeobotany in East Asia (Gary CRAWFORD, Hiroki OBATA, Zhijun ZHAO)

In this research, about 200 floatation samples from the Daxinzhuang site of the Shang period were examined, representing a food complex deriving from plants, which included foxtail and broomcorn millets, rice, wheat, soybean, as well as other plants. Statistics Analysis of different phases and context variation analysis at the site were conducted to look for certain patterns which might have involved local agricultural and political changes.

CHENG, Bonnie (USA)
Pre-or Post-Reform? Change in Early Northern Wei Tombs
Panel: Funerary Systems in Northeast Asia: The Formation and Development of Regional Cultures (Ariane PERRIN)

My paper will examine fifth-century tombs in Shanxi to consider the extent to which settlement in this region transformed burial practices. Recent excavations of tombs pre-dating and during the Taihe era (477-99 CE) near Datong suggest that the Tuoba-Xianbei adopted Han-style traditions prior to Emperor Xiaowen’s wide-scale reforms. Can we identify what elements were retained from early nomadic trends and which were newly borrowed? Is it productive to consider them within a dichotomy of Xianbei and Han, or can we consider them within an analytical framework that foregrounds change as an inevitable product of regional shifts and cultural interaction?

CHERNYKH, Evgeniji (Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Eurasian metallurgy and society
Panel: Eurasian metallurgy and society (ZHANG Liangren)

This paper discusses an eastern type of metallurgy in ancient Eurasia. It arose later than but independently of the western one. The Seima-Turbino metallurgy was the first impressive manifestation of this type, and its main course of influence was directed to the west. The later manifestation of this type, the Karasuk metallurgy, which dates to the second half of the second million BC, was oriented to the east – to Chinese cultures. A gigantic Eurasian «steppe belt» was formed from the Northern Black Sea in the west to Manchzhuria in the east during this millennium, and served as a bridge between the two types of metallurgy.

CHIA Stephen (Centre For Archaeological Research Malaysia, University Sains, Malaysia)
Prehistoric Sites and Research in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia
Panel: Prehistoric Archaeology of South China and Southeast Asia (FU Xianguo, LU Lie Dan, LI Guo)

This paper presents an overview of prehistoric sites and research carried out in Semporna, Southeastern Sabah (Borneo), Malaysia. Archaeological research in this region of island Southeast Asia has discovered several interesting prehistoric sites and yielded findings and results related to the archaeology of Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Southern China. Archaeological excavations conducted at some of the sites such as Bukit Tengkorak, Melanta Tutup and Bukit Kamiri have extended the presence of ancient human habitation in the Semporna region back as early as the late Palaeolithic period to the Neolithic, Metal and early historical periods. Radiocarbon dating placed some of these sites to date more than 10,000 BP to 800 BP. Also discovered were several burial sites and log coffins from the late prehistoric period (Neolithic, Metal and Early historical periods), radiocarbon dated between 3,000 BP and 800 BP as well as considerable amount of archaeological artefacts such as earthenware pottery, microliths, flake tools, stone adzes, animal and fish bones, beads, metal tools, shell and stone ornaments

CHILDS-JOHNSON, Elizabeth (Old Dominion University, USA)
The Jade Age Question Redefined
Panel: Jade Age Jades and Jade Age Material Sources (Elizabeth CHILDS-JOHNSON)

As related in the publication, The Chinese Jade Age: Early Chinese Jades in American Museums, Beijing: Science Press, in press, 2007 [Chinese and English] and related earlier publications, China appears to have undergone a major phase of growth stimulated by the exploitation of jade. Archaeological data from three major jade-working cultures, including the Hongshan, Liangzhu, and Longshan serve as evidence that the latter three by comparison to others of the Late Neolithic figure as the most innovative cultures responsible for stimulating civilization in early China. Factors characterizing jade sources and jade art works from these three are examined in light of what they signify culturally about the rise of civilization in early China.

CHIOU-PENG, TzeHuey (Spurlock Museum, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA)
Bronze Age Yunnan and Jinsha Corridor
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

This work address issues regarding interactions between Yunnan and its surrounding regions during the Bronze Age. An analysis of current archaeological materials from southwest China attest that distinct traits originating from areas near the Jinsha River played important roles in the making of Yunnan bronze industry, which flourished during the second half of the 1st millennium BCE. The arrival of foreign ideas in Yunnan could be attributed to population movements as well as short-range contacts among different cultural groups. Ecological changes and historical events occurring in and around the Jinsha River possibly were also among the factors to have induced interactions.
云南青铜文化与金沙走廊的关系
邱茲惠
此文探讨青铜时期云南与周边文化的交流。云南青铜文化在战国以前便已有相当程度的发展，其后发扬光大并持续到至两汉之际。目前的考古信息显示金沙江流域各地的文化对云南青铜文化的发展过程有相当的影响力。金沙江邻近地区的人口迁移及族群之间的交往均为提升云南文化发展的动力，而周边地区生态环境的变化及其间所发生的史迹亦为促成交流的因素.

CHIU Hung-Lin (Graduate School of Kyūshū University, Japan)
Reconstructing prehistoric Taiwan Iron-Age post-marital residential practice in Shiqiao site, Tainan
Panel: Some New Practices in Taiwanese Archaeological Research (Maaling CHEN and Pochan CHEN)

This paper attempts to reconstruct kin relations among the skeletal remains excavated from Taiwanese Iron Age site of Shiqiao by examining their dental metric data. The method developed by Yoshiyuki Tanaka and Naomi Doi in 1986, uses tooth crown measurements as a sensitive indicator of genetic inheritance and allows to detect the existence of kin relations closer than cousins. By combining the outcomes of the application of this method with archaeological methods of mortuary analysis, we can reasonably hope that the social organization of past societies can be reconstructed. The author reports some outcomes of the application of this combined framework to the analysis of the above-mentioned skeletal and mortuary data.

CHU WhuiLee (Anthropology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan)
The application of Public Archaeology in Taiwan: A case study of Hui-Lai site
Panel: Public archaeology in the present and recent past in East Asia (Tim SCHADLA-HALL and Akira MATSUDA)

The practice of the conservation of archaeological sites has been quite successful for only two to three decades in the UK, nevertheless many aspects of these practices are worthy of emulation by Taiwan. This paper attempts to utilize the framework of the UK with respect to the arrangement and conservation of archaeological sites as a contrast to the relevant legislation and practices in Taiwan. One case study is drawn from central Taiwan, i.e., the Hui-Lai site. Various archaeological problems that appear in Taiwan are addressed, and, better ways of conservation and management of archaeological sites in Taiwan are proposed. In the following, the researcher summarizes several major problems confronting the management and conservation of archaeological sites in Taiwan, then some possible and feasible suggestions to solve the problems in the near future are discussed.

CRAWFORD, Gary (Department of Anthropology,University of Toronto, Canada)
Changing Views of the Meaning of Agriculture: Implications for Palaeoethnobotany
Panel: New data and issues of archaeobotany in East Asia (Gary CRAWFORD, Hiroki OBATA, Zhijun ZHAO)

The interpretive context of palaeoethnobotany is impacted by the conceptualization of categories such as ¡°hunting and gathering¡± and ¡°agriculture.¡± Ethnographically documented hunting and gathering cultures are not necessarily representative of all hunters and gatherers. Common views of agriculture are bound to narrow definitions influenced by Eurocentric and Sino-centric perspectives of geometric fields of wheat, rice and other modern crops. This paper examines the Jomon in northeastern Japan to illustrate that removing such definitional constraints and interpreting plant remains in terms of broader human ecological principals is a more productive line of inquiry.

CORMACK, Julie (Mount Royal College, Canada)
The end of the Line begins here: Zhoukoudian
Panel: NN

Quartz artefacts (chopping tools and flakes) were first recognized at Zhoukoudian by Johann Gunnar Andersson in the early 1920s. But it was not until ten years later when Pei Wenzhong and Henri Breuil systematically described and published on a variety of implements from the Locality 1 deposits. Stratigraphic analysis isolated three cultural zones (A, B, C). Davidson Black et al. (1933:131) recognized the lack of bifacial implements and concluded that, "No bifaces have so far been observed." This paper will review the historic influence of the Locality 1 lithic industry in the creation of the Movius Line.

D

DAI Xiangming (National Museum of China, China)
Settlemnt Patterns from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: A Comparison between the Yuanqun and Yuncheng Basin
Panel: New Insights into the archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age (Lothar von FALKENHAUSEN and Xu HONG)

From 2000 to 2002, we conducted the field survey of settlement archaeology in the Yuanqu Basin, southern Shanxi Province, and the result has been published. From 2003 to 2006, we carried out the full-coverage survey in the eastern Yuncheng Basin, a larger one and next to the Yuanqu. The settlement patterns for different periods from the Neolithic to the early Bronze Age display both similarities and differences between the two basins. The comparison between the two basins will be very interesting and important, which will enable us to look clearly at the different and meanwhile similar processes of social complexity both in a small area and a larger region, and have a better understanding for the appearance of civilization and early states in the Central Plain region

D'ALPOIM GUEDES, Jade (Harvard University, Department of Anthropology, USA)
The ideology of secondary and collective burial: a case study of the Dashimu of Southwestern China
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

The Dashimu of the Anninghe river valley provide unique examples of secondary and collective burial. Previous studies of these tombs explored their ethnic attribution or the external contacts manifested in their cultural material. To date, none have sought to use the tomb itself as a source of information for understanding the society of their builders. This paper examines the ideology behind this form of burial by means of analogy with contemporary and archaeological examples. This paper also addresses how a more detailed recording of the context and osteological information in these tombs could improve our understanding of the Dashimu society.

DANG, Son Hong (Vietnam)
Architectural materials from Ly Cung, Ho Citadel, Nam Giao sites (Northern Vietnam)
Panel: Vietnamese Archaeology (Le Lien THI)

A large number of architectural materials have been unearthed from Ly Cung, Ho Citadel and Nam Giao sites (Thanh Hoa province), which are now preserved in several museums and private houses. By studying these sources, in comparison with historical records, the author focuses on the following aspects:
- Establishing the general canons and categories for typology, chronology and origin of architectural materials from these sites.
- Studying the art of decoration and its development.
- Comparative studying on the materials of these sites in broader context in order to recognize the social structure of Great Viet society and of Tran Dynasty in particular.

DASHTSEVEG, Tumen co-authored with VANCHIGDASH, Ch. (Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia)
Physical Characteristics of Archaeological Populations of Mongolia
Panel: Bioarchaeological research in East Asia (Ekaterina PECHENKINA)

In the article we have given main results of comparative study of physical stature and physiques of ancient nomads from different historical periods (from Neolithic up to Mongolian Period) of Mongolia. The study shows some difference in body constitution of studied archaeological populations from Mongolia. Differences between archaeological populations were found in shoulder width, torso length, arm and leg length. It was shown that during the historical periods (from Neolithic up to modern era) shoulder width and torso length decreased and in contrary the arm and leg length increased significantly. The interesting phenomenon in physique of Mongolian archaeological populations may show its secular trends observed in some archaeological populations from different regions of the world.

DATTA, Asok (Department of Archaeology University of Calcutta India)
Discovery of a Pre-Pala Monastic complex at Moghalmari, Dantan, West- Midnapur, West-Bengal by the Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta.
Panel: NN

The Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta under the direction of Dr. Asok Datta and assisted by other faculty members, Ph.D students and technical staffs resumed the excavation at Moghalmari since 15th Feb. 2007. The excavation has so far revealed the existence of the Pre-Pala (possibly seventh/eighth century A.D. ) Buddhist monastic complex (es) with extensive stucco and / or lime decoration on the eastern part of the mound. These exquisite decorative elements in stucco / lime are unique in eastern India. Embellishments on the frontal wall the temple in particular and the monastic establishment(s) in general will definitely throw new light not only on the early medieval history of western Midnapur, but also on that of entire West- Bengal. The Buddhistic character of the monastery is further supported by the discovery of a stone sculpture from stratified context representing the Buddha in the well known bhumisparshamudra. The discovery of the Mogalmari monastic complex (es) is unquestionably comparable to those discovered at Nalanda (South Bihar), Raktamrittika (Chhiruti, Murshidabad) and Nandadirgghika (Jagajibanpur, Malda)
The earlier of excavation in 2003- 04 at the same site had revealed the existence of terracotta stupa bases and clear indication of the alignments of a huge monastic complex. The monastic complex is dated on the basis of a terracotta inscription in Post – Gupta Brahmi character of c. early 6th- 7th century A.D. (found earlier), stucco / lime decoration which is definitely Pre – Pala character and the Buddhist stone image. Special mention may be made of an inscribed terracotta seal matrix having multiple impressions recording some personal names, the characters of which can fairly be dated to the seventh century A.D.
The excavation further reveals series of cells attached to the outer wall of the monastery in the western part of the mound and the temple complex to the eastern part of the mound. Besides, the excavation has also yielded terracotta lamps, iron nails as well as a commendable variety of ceramics including red, buff and different shades of grey wares. The structure possibly represents the largest monastic complex in West – Bengal.
The Dantan monastic complex at Moghalmari was not grown in isolation; it is established from both literary and archaeological evidences that in the past a trade route probably located in the close vicinity of the site connecting Tamralipta with other Buddhist monuments in Orissa beyond Suvarnarekha viz. Jayrampur, Khiching, Baleswar (Lalitgiri) of Orissa or Oddra and Nalanda, Bodhgaya of ancient Magadha. Hence the prosperity of the site (Moghalmari monastic complex) was no doubt due to its location on the above noted trade routes dating back to the fifth/sixth century AD onwards. The present paper attempts to present a comprehensive picture of the pre-pala monastic complex (es) as revealed through recent excavation.

DATTA, Sm Rita (India)
Cultural Heritage and Computer Technology – A case study of Bishnupur Temples, West-Bengal, India
Panel: NN

Preservation of its cultural heritage is a primary duty of every nation, but it did not happen always mainly due to lack of resources on the one hand and technical know-how on the other. Here, computer technology, which is one of the scientific methods of documentation, can be utilized for this purpose since it is less expensive, but more realistic in approach. It can help to create a data base for future preservation, research and transmitting the knowledge through internet to distant countries. Moreover, one can study the materials without visiting the site physically, which is a great advantage. India is vast country with diverse climatic and ethnic groups. In a country like India, computer technology can be of great help for the preservation of its cultural heritages.
Bishnupur, in West-Bengal, is a land of terracotta temples being characterized by different forms, styles and techniques. There are 32 terracotta temples, which can broadly be classified in to Deul, Chala and Ratna types which evolved in Bengal. The significant feature of these temples is the decorations of outer walls with beautiful terracotta plaques displaying the socio-economic-religious as well seafaring activities of the people of Bengal in late medieval period. The constructions of all these temples belong to 16th to 18th century AD. Of the 32 temples, only few of them are under (ASI) government protection while majority of them are now in dilapidated conditions and are likely to be disappeared unless they are covered under protection. Both natural and human agencies are equally responsible for this condition. Here, computer documentation both by digital photography and videography are of immense importance since it can help for its future preservation as well drawing attention of the appropriate authority like UNO for its physical protection.
The present paper attempts to highlight the cultural heritage of Bishnupur and measures for its future protection through computer technology.

DEMATTÈ, Paola (Rhode Island School of Design, USA)
The origins of Chinese writing: signs and symbols in archaeological context
Panel: NN

Late Neolithic and early Bronze Age (ca. 3500-2000 bce) signs from Chinese contexts suggest that signing activities were well developed before full blown writing became widespread during the Shang period. In addition, archaeological evidence indicates that mature writing evolved from these earlier signing systems as a result of the increasing social and political complexity of the societies of the Late Neolithic. This paper will analyze as number of early signing systems which may have led to the mature Chinese writing of the Shang oracle bone inscriptions, and will argue that non-linguistic visual signing (from pot-marks to pottery decorations or rock art) play a role in the development of writing systems.

DENG, Fei (Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, UK)
Representation of Offering, Representation for Offering: A Study of Decorative Themes in Song Tombs
Panel: Mortuary analysis in Chinese Archaeology (Guolong LAI)

This paper discusses a group of Song tombs in present-day Henan and Shanxi in order to understand the roles of tomb decoration during the period. By associating pictorial scenes in tombs with murals of local temples, I argue that similar decorative themes were applied by both tombs and temples, notably food preparation and theatrical performance. These themes may have taken their subjects from actual local rites or death rituals, and may also have been thought of as offerings made to deities or the deceased. This paper reveals the ways in which Song people employed images as special tools to nourish the dead in perpetuity. The use of representations could be interpreted as a common mode of devising and presenting ritual in the period.
本文通过分析一系列河南山西地区的宋代壁画墓来探讨此时期墓葬装饰的意义。通过联系比较墓葬装饰与民间寺庙壁画，我认为墓葬与寺庙在某种程度上使用了相似的装饰题材，比如备食图或杂剧表演。这些题材可能取材于民间礼仪或丧葬仪式，也同时为死者或是神灵提供了祭祀。本文将说明宋人如何以图象为特殊手段来为死者提供永恒的物质和礼仪。这种对图象的使用也似乎可以被视为一种当时思考和呈现礼仪的方式。

DENNELL, Robin (University of Sheffield, UK)
The Climatic and Regional Background to Modern Humans In East Asia
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

This paper considers the fossil hominin, climatic and regional background to the origin of modern humans in China and other regions of Asia. It suggests that there is much confusion over the use of the term “archaic Homo sapiens” in both Africa and China: confusion exists because neither the African nor Chinese “archaic Homo sapiens” specimens are homogenous, and because there are differences between the “archaic Homo sapiens” in both regions. Although modern humans can be identified in East Africa by 160 ka, and Southwest Asia by ca. 130 ka, there is little precise information of how they may have dispersed across Asia. Insufficient attention is paid to the probability that Neanderthals also expanded their range into Southwest and Central Asia at the same time that modern humans may have been expanding across South Asia. The critical period that requires much more information is during oxygen isotope stage (OIS 3), ca. 60-20 ka, when the main recolonisation of Asia took place.

DOAR, Bruce Gordon (School of Asia and Pacific Studies, ANU, Australia)
Universals and uniqueness in Chinese archaeology and heritage
Panel: The past in contemporary China: new directions and challenges (Luisa MENGONI and Magnus FISKESJÖ)

Chinese archaeology and cultural heritage endeavors are often criticised by their detractors for being at the service of a narrow nationalism. Beyond the political dimension of this debate there is the need for all participants to clearly acknowledge what is universal and what is unique in both China's archaeological record and cultural heritage. One identifiably unique aspect of Chinese culture – its written language – has been used as an indicator of 'civilisation', at the same time as early texts in its script have been generated by an ongoing sense of 'archaeology' within the culture and an ancient notion of temporal 'development' that encompassed continuous cultural descent, rather than ascent, from an archaic age of sage-kings. China's intellectual path from antiquity to feudalism could only be redirected by nationalist concerns.

DOBNEY, Keith (Durham University, UK)
Pigs pests and people: Using biomolecular and morphological signatures to explore the origins and spread of early farmers in East Asia
Panel: Methods and Issues in the Zooarchaeology of East Asia (YUAN Jing, Richard H. MEADOW)

The invention and spread of farming was one of the most important events in human history. It is one of the principal keys to understanding human civilization and provides an ideal model to study evolutionary change. Despite decades of research, we still have little idea of what domestication is, why, where or even how it occurred, and how it spread around the globe. This paper focuses upon one of the most iconic domestic animals of many East Asian cultures – the PIG, summarising some of the most recent genetic and morphological evidence for its origins and dispersal into Island South East Asia and Oceania.

DOELMAN, Trudy* coauthored with Robin TORRENCE**, Vladimir POPOV***, Nickolay KLUYEV****, Igor SLEPTSOV****, Irina PANTYUKHINA**** (*Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; **Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia; ***Far East Geological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia; ****Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Vladivostok, Russia)
Square Blocks vs Round Cobbles: The Exploitation of Basaltic Glass from Central Primorye, Far East Russia
Panel: NN

In the Tigrovy area of the Shkotovo Plateau, Central Primorye basaltic glass was procured from the late Paleolithic through to the Paleometal period. An Australian-Russian interdisciplinary project investigated how raw material was selected, acquired, worked, used and transported across the landscape. Excavations at a significant quarry site and nearby occupation sites show how people used different reduction strategies to work square blocks, obtained from quarries, and rounded cobbles from streams for making bifaces and microblades. Our analyses of the assemblages provide valuable insights into how and why people were creative and flexible in exploiting stone resources.

DONG Chengxi (SOAS, LONDON UK)
Early Museum History in China
Panel: Public archaeology in the present and recent past in East Asia (Tim SCHADLA-HALL and Akira MATSUDA)

Museums as an enlightening cultural institution only emerged during China’s search of modernization, which started at the later half of the nineteenth century. The importance of this period lies in the fact that before it there was no western museum approach in China. The attempts to develop museums at this time were, therefore, part of the wider changing intellectual, political and social climate. This paper will examine early history of museums in China, and the use of museums in China and their public actions in involving people with the past.

DONG Xinlin (Institute of Archaeology, CASC, China)
The stories of the "Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety
Panel: Mortuary analysis in Chinese Archaeology (Guolong LAI)

The stories of the "Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety" are important decorative motifs often seen in tombs of the Northern Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. These mural motifs show strong consistency over a long period in North China . Although they are somewhat different from the extant versions of the stories in such book as Guo Jujing’s All Illustrated Poems on the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety, they are closely related to the Korean version of the Hyphaeng Rok of the Koryŏ period. This indicated that there were at least two versions of the stories of the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety existed in ancient China, and the version in the Hyphaeng Rok are the most popular one circulated in North China during the Northern Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. This Hyphaeng Rok version also provides important evidence for the identification of tomb mural motifs.

DOUGLAS, Janet G. (Department of Conservation and Scientific Research, Freer Gallery of Art / Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian, USA)
Materials of Late Neolithic Jades in the Freer and Sackler Collections
Panel: Jade Age Jades and Jade Age Material Sources (Elizabeth CHILDS-JOHNSON)

Jade collections at the Smithsonian's Freer and Sackler Galleries provide an opportunity to study materials from three jade-working cultures active during the late Neolithic period, including Hongshan, Liangzhu and Longshan. Mineralogical characterization of nephrite jades using analytical methods is providing us with some information on the geological source of these materials. All have features suggesting they were manufactured of nephrite from geological environments associated with dolomitic marbles. Many of the jades within each cultural group, however, contain visual and chemical characteristics that suggest they share a common geological origin which is distinct from jades produced by other cultural groups. These issues will be examined in detail.
Stone materials other than nephrite were also used, particularly for axes during the late Neolithic period. Mineralogical composition of these materials will be discussed, although the geological source of these materials has not yet been researched.

DRENNAN, Robert D., PETERSON, Christian E. (University of Pittsburgh, USA)
Changing Community Patterns through Time in the Chifeng Region
Panel: Human Adaptation and Socio-Political Change in Northeast China with a Focus on the Chifeng Region (Gideon SHELACH, ZHANG Zhongpei)

Local communities of people in daily face-to-face interaction and larger supra-local communities are the arenas in which human action and interaction create social change. Regional settlement analysis for Chifeng traces changes in the size, nature, and organization of communities at both scales, from the establishment of the first sedentary local communities, to the emergence of centralized supra-local communities, and on through sharp demographic, but not spatial, growth of these supra-local communities. Subsequent autochthonous qualitative changes in community patterns precede a later round of change occasioned by the incursion into the region of territorial states centered elsewhere.

DRENNAN, Robert D., PETERSON, Christian E. (University of Pittsburgh, USA)
Methods for Archaeological Population Estimation for the Chifeng Region
Panel: Human Adaptation and Socio-Political Change in Northeast China with a Focus on the Chifeng Region (Gideon SHELACH, ZHANG Zhongpei)

Previously published analysis of systematic complete-coverage regional-scale settlement data from the Chifeng region has laid out an approach to making demographic estimates for prehistoric periods. This approach, based on the area and density of ceramics encountered on the surface, builds on a foundation well-established in settlement research in many parts of the world. Additional comparison of surface collection with sub-surface sampling amplifies previous results and advances the effort to establish a basis for converting a relative demographic index into estimates of actual numbers of inhabitants. Analysis of modern village distribution and census data also contributes to this latter effort.

DU Mei-Huei (National University Taiwan, Department of Anthropology, Taiwan, China)
A Study on the Site Formation Process of Saqacengalj, an Abandoned Paiwan Settlement.
Panel: Some New Practices in Taiwanese Archaeological Research (Maaling CHEN and Pochan CHEN)

With the advent of behavioral archaeology in the early 1970s, concepts on the site formation process progressively came to play an important role in the archaeological reconstructions of prehistoric populations. In the past, it was argued that archaeological data are static and can reflect past cultural phenomena directly. However, this kind of perspective was recognized in the 1970s to have serious shortcomings. Particularly, it was found that there are discontinuities between the artifacts created and, deposited by a behavioral system and those that are remaining and are found in an archaeological context. As a result of the impacts of many cultural and natural forces that occur through time, it is not only the degree of archaeological remains’ preservation which could be degraded, but the spatial pattern, frequencies, and morphology of materials could also be transformed or even distorted. However, since the causes and consequences of cultural and noncultural formation processes are regular and predictable, archaeologists can still eliminate the effects of site formation processes. In relation to these, the current paper therefore uses a case study of Saqacengalj, an abandoned settlement of the Southern Paiwan Group in Pin-dong District, Taiwan, to advocate the importance of site formation process research. By analyzing the condition of architectural structure and deposition in the area, and the characteristic and spatial distribution of pot sherds, this study demonstrates that postdepositional disturbances, especially gravitation sliding and floral growth, have strongly transformed the archaeological data of Saqacengalj. This means that unless these transformations can be closely evaluated, the interpretation of archaeological remains in this aboriginal settlement would be highly suspect. In short, site formation processes must be understood and evaluated before the goal of archaeologically reconstructing the past can be realized.

DYAKOVA, Olga (Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Peoples of the Far East, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia., Russia)
Etnic Structure of Bohai State
Panel: NN

The state of Bohai was polyethnic. Archaeological material permitted the conclusion that indigenous Bohai residents were Mohe (Malgal) tribes. After the fall of Koguryo, a considerable number of Koguryo residents joined the Bohai state, what resulted in Koguryo earthenware having become the cultural marker. Some Koguryo residents acquired the status of crafts-men, particularly potters. The presence of stone fortresses built according to Koguryo traditions shows that Bohai held considerable number of Koguryo soldiers to defend borders. Koguryo residents also occurred within the Bohai’s administrative system. Tungus Manchu population of Bohai adopted some agricultural practices from Koguryo peasants.

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EDWARDS, Walter (Tenri University, Japan)
Cultural Heritage Mismanagement?: Lessons from the Takamatsuzuka Kofun Murals
Panel: A Century of Preserving Archaeological Heritage in East Asia (PAI Hyung II)

The 1972 discovery at Takamatsuzuka kofun of exquisite tomb murals, previously unknown for Japan, triggered a whirlwind effort to ensure these materials’ conservation. The Agency for Cultural Affairs decided the following year to seal the tomb and preserve its murals in situ; the installation of special equipment, designed to maintain appropriate temperature and humidity levels in the chamber, was complete just four years after the discovery. Photographs released in 2004, however, showed that serious damage from mold had disfigured portions of the images beyond recognition, and the Agency hurriedly announced a program to dismantle the tomb for treatment under laboratory conditions. The scale of both the preservation effort and its failure ensure that Takamatsuzuka will have significant impact on future heritage management policy in Japan.

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FALKENHAUSEN, Lothar von (UCLA, USA)
Introductory Remarks
Panel: New Insights into the archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age (Lothar von FALKENHAUSEN and Xu HONG)

FAN, Julia (Dept. of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, USA)
Health and Behavioral Change in Ancient Xinjiang (1800 BC-AD 220)
Panel: Bioarchaeological research in East Asia (Ekaterina PECHENKINA)

FEI LI Fei Li (Guizhou Provincial Institute of Archaeology, China)
Culture change in Guizhou, from the prehistoric period to the Han dynasty---a focus on Zhongshui sites (coauthor: Li Fei, ZHANG He-rong)
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

Skeletal remains from Xinjiang can provide unique insights into interactions between Inner Asian nomads and Chinese agriculturalists and the nature of early contact and exchange along the Silk Road. This paper presents preliminary results of analyses of human remains from the archaeological sites of Nileke, Yingpan, and Yanghai in Xinjiang, from the Bronze Age to the Han dynasty (1800 BC to AD 220). Skeletal health indices that integrate data on demography, health, diet, physical activity, and metabolic stress were collected to study the health consequences of increasing political centralization and interregional contact during this time span.

FIELD, Judith (The University of Sydney, Australia)
Identifying Function and Use of Gringing Stones from Archaeological Sites: Recent Studies from Australia and China
Panel: Comparative Study of Early Complex Societies in East Asia and the World (LI Liu and CHEN Xingcan)

Linking the use of particular plant species with the development of certain food processing technologies has been a challenging problem for archaeologists investigating the prehistoric record. In Australia, the development of grass seed grinding was always argued to be a Late Holocene development, though grinding stones have been recovered from a number of Pleistocene contexts. Likewise the permanent settlement of rainforests on this continent has only recently been linked to access to technologies associated with processing of toxic starchy plants. In the Chinese context the range of plants associated with early Holocene use of grinding stones has never clearly been established. In this presentation I will outline recent advances in the use of starch studies in addressing important issues associated with initial exploitation of important economic species in the archaeological record from China and Australia.

FLAD, Rowan Kimon (Co-authors: JIANG Zhanghua, Gwen BENNETT, Pochan CHEN, LI Shuicheng, Lothar von FALKENHAUSEN) (Harvard University, Department of Anthropology, USA)
The Chengdu Plain Archaeology Project – Surveying Rice Paddies in the Search for the Origins of Sanxingdui
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

Starting in 2005, an international collaborative team established a survey in the Chengdu Plain of Sichuan with the focus on elucidating diachronic patterns of settlement during the late Neolithic and Bronze Ages. This paper discusses the methods used by the survey project and the results to date. Surface survey together with systematic augering have identified an increasingly dense settlement landscape over the course of the Bronze Age. We discuss the potential implications the observed patterns have concerning the social forms that existed in this part of the prehistoric Chengdu Plain.

FREDERICK, Wendy (San Francisco State University, USA)
Archaeology and Ethnicity of the Ainu
Panel: NN

This paper is about the relationship between ethnicity and archaeology in the context of Ainu archaeology. I will attempt to explain and assess the ways in which the Ainu have been perceived in the framework of archaeology. The nationalistic archaeology of Japan has been framed in the nationalistic ideology of Japan. The role of archaeology in the construction and legitimization of collective cultural identities is important in archaeological theory and practice.

FURIHATA Junko (Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties)
Two radiographic techniques for the nondestructive study of glass beads
Panel: The contribution of glass study to East Asian archaeology (James LANKTON, Phyllis LIN)

This paper reports the use of two nondestructive methods, CR (computed radiography) and AR (auto-radiography), for the study of glass beads excavated in Japan. Initially, large numbers of glass beads may be separated into lead glass and alkali glass groups by comparing PSL (photostimulated luminescence) values with density as determined from X-ray images. Further classification of the samples into soda and potash glass is possible by means of autoradiography, depending on the weak radiation from potassium. Using these methods, the authors found that the compositions of glass beads excavated in Japan varied with the time period. In addition, the CR method gave an insight into the production technology for the beads.

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GAO, Xing (Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, CAS, China)
Into the Future of East Asian Palaeolithic
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

The presentation will open this panel discussion by an overview of current status of Palaeolithic archaeology in East Asia (China, Japan, Korean, and Russian East Siberia). The progress of field investigations and research in some of key issues related to Palaeolithic technology and human evolution will be outlined. Drawn from cases studies in China, the author will discuss on-going research debates, and to address how future studies in East Asian Palaeolithic beyond today’s political boarders of the nations should be coordinated, with international efforts in bringing a variety of expertise together, to treat East Asia as a broader cultural region that once created the earliest human interaction sphere in its own characters for nearly 2 million years

GELMAN, Evgeniya (Russia)
Subsistence system of Bohai people: archaeological evidences from Russian Maritime region
Panel: NN

For this investigation archaeological evidences were got from several sites. They have different positions in hierarchical administrative system of Bohai State and centre-periphery relations. Comparative study of main parameters of subsistent system of populations from diverse sites. Twelve kinds cultivated plants were found and between them main and auxiliary kinds were revealed. The role domestic and wild animals in economics of Bohai were examined and ratios in every group were ascertained for site from different ecological zones. Sea and river shells had particular importance in daily life of inhabitants of settlements and walled towns. Study of carbonized and wet wooden samples allowed knowing of kinds of trees using by Bohai people for different kind of constructions. Reconstruction of subsistence system expands our knowledge about economics of Bohai in comparison with Chinese chronicles and opens the new prospects in archaeology of Bohai State.

GILLAM, J. Christopher (University of South Carolina,USA)
Modeling Cultural Landscapes: Examples from East Asia and the Americas
Panel: Prehistoric Landscape Shifts in the East Asian Inland Seas (UCHIYAMA Junzo, Hideyuki ONISHI, Ilona BAUSCH)

Advancements in the design and implementation of archaeological databases, geographic information systems (GIS), and cartographic modeling enable archaeologists today to construct empirical models of past cultural landscapes at a variety of scales. The goals of this paper are to explore critical considerations in the resolution and accuracy of archaeological and GIS datasets, to highlight useful environmental GIS datasets distributed freely on the internet, and to discuss techniques for modeling prehistoric cultural landscapes using examples from East Asia and the Americas. These techniques include prediction, caloric cost modeling, least-cost path analyses, and territorial modeling.

GU Fang (Beijing Jadeology and Jade Culture Research Center, China)
Special Characteristics of Qijia Jade Material
Panel: Jade Age Jades and Jade Age Material Sources (Elizabeth CHILDS-JOHNSON)

Based on preliminary analysis and collection of Qijia jades, it is my thesis that due to color and alteration of this jade material, in addition to geological and chemical data, Qijia jade material has several outstanding characteristics that differ from other Late Neolithic jades. Most Qijia jades are tremolitic, and some are serpentine or sepentine-marble. Tremolitic types vary in color from indigo-white, indigo, black, and those with brown spots that have been characterized as pudding-stone. Some of the Qijia jades are from Hetian quarries or mines, suggesting that Qijia served as a middleman for introducing Hetian jade to central China.

GUSEV, Sergey (Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage, Russia)
Old Whailing Culture on Chukotka and Alaska
Panel: NN

Archaeological site Unenen near Nunligran village, Western Chukotka, was found in 1997. During 2003 and 2005 excavation seasons more then 4000 artifacts were found, such as knifes, scrapers, drills, arrowheads, wooden cups, toggle harpoons and ritual objects. There is a perfect organic preservation in cultural deposits, which let to collect numerous palaeozoological material, including shells. 9 C14 dates were obtained for the site, in a range from 2990 to 3260.
Exploration of Unenen site (Chukotka, Provideniya distr.) gives an opportunity to take a new look on origin and distribution of Old Whailing culture, which was found out in 1950-60s on Cape Kruzenstern, NW Alaska. According to typological analysis it is possible to suggest cultural and chronological unity of Old Whailing site on Cape Kruzenstern, Unenen site on Chukotka, Chertov Ovrag site on Wrangel Island and some sites to the south from the Gulf of Anadyr and in the low course of the Anadyr river. It’s possible to suggest relatively fast inhabitation of those areas by developed sea mammal hunters specialized on maritime subsistence. This migration was probably caused by climatic changes and new coastal line formation.
An origin of Old Whailing – Unenen tradition still unclear.
I n 2007 new project of Unenen site exploration was started by the Institute of Heritage (Moskow), Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography /Kunstkamera/ (St.-Petersburg) and University of Alaska Fairbanks.

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HAN Jianye (The College of Arts and Sciences of Beijing Union University, China)
Cultures in Xinjiang from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age
Panel: New Insights into the archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age (Lothar von FALKENHAUSEN and Xu HONG)

The Prehistoric Cultures in Xinjiang can be divided into three phases: the Bronze Age, the early years of the early Iron Age, and the late phase of the early Iron Age. While Xinjiang showed a keen cultural contact with its neighboring regions in the process of cultural development during the entire Bronze Age and the early Iron Age, the region also managed to have maintained its cultural independence. Despite local cultural variations within the region, the overall tendency is toward cultural homogeneity in this ever more active process of cultural interaction.

HENRY, Donald Owen (University of Tulsa, USA)
Tracing Modern Human Behavioral Organization Through Intrasite Spatial Analysis: An Example from Southwest Asia
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

Imbedded within the ongoing debate on the degree to which the behaviors of Archaics and moderns may have differed are the conflicting notions and inferences related to their associated site structures; that is, the spatial and contextual relationships of artifacts, ecofacts, and features. The site structures of Archaics and moderns have been contrasted along several dimensions: cultural versus niche geography, social as opposed to technical intelligence, symbolic versus non-symbolic use of space and complex as opposed to simple activity patterns. Specifically, the proposed dichotomies in site structure shared by the studies center on the spatial distributions and variability of activity areas and hearths. Archaic site structures are thought to display a single central hearth or, more commonly, none at all in conjunction with artifacts and bones pointing to overlapping, superimposed, expedient activities in living areas. Others suggest that Archaic sites, at most, may be simply organized into two zones, living and dumping/heavy duty areas, as a consequence of natural site constraints, noxious odors, and human biomechanics. In contrast to Archaic site structure, the sites of modern foragers are described as displaying numerous, largely non-overlapping, task-specific areas that are often tethered to hearths or other features. Moreover, hearths are likely to include ones positioned in central as well as satellite settings.
A high resolution intrasite study of the 55Kya Levantine Mousterian rockshelter of Tor Faraj (southern Jordan) identified three stratified living floors that displayed 19 hearths. In an effort to better understand the hearths in the context of site structure, a metric-based, hearth pattern analysis was developed from cross-cultural ethnographic data. The study assisted in identifying the synchroneity of the use (firing) of the hearths and in developing a more precise definition of the living floors and the number of discrete occupations for each of the floors. The results of the study indicate that a commonly encountered problem in intrasite studies, the palimpsest problem, can be resolved through a hearth pattern analysis, as presented.

HERNANDEZ, Mauricio (City University of New York, USA)
Population height and the quality of nutrition in ancient China
Panel: Bioarchaeological research in East Asia (Ekaterina PECHENKINA)

Average population height generally increases when the quality of life and nutrition improve. In China, the adoption of large-scale cultivation methods and agriculture allowed for more food to be readily available and population size to increase. I examined several sites throughout the Neolithic: the Peiligang culture (9000-7000 BP), Early Yangshao culture (7000-5000 BP), Longshan culture (5000-4000 BP), Erlitou culture (4000-3500 BP), and Han culture (after 2206 BP). Long bone measurements were taken of males and females in order to compare overall population height and infer the quality of nutrition through each period at different sites.

HO Chuan Kuan (with CHU Whei-Lee）(Anthropology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan)
The Significance of Hui LAI Site in central Taiwan and The Last Glacial Megafaunas and Paleolithic Hunters in Taiwan
Panel: Some New Practices in Taiwanese Archaeological Research (Maaling CHEN and Pochan CHEN)

Chang Kwang Chi (1969) states that the oldest prehistoric culture in the central area is the Niu Ma Tou culture. The Hui Lai archaeological site discovered is part of the cord-marked pottery culture period in the Taichung basin area. The inhabitants were a mainly agricultural people who fished, hunted, and gathered to supplement their food supply from farming. Most surprisingly, excavation of stone materials were made of nephrites from Hua Lien east coast of Taiwan, indicating that the west coast people either interacted or traded with people on the east coast from 3000 years ago.
In addition to Niu Ma Tou culture, the Hui Lai site also contains rash pits, pile dwellings, animal bones, and 23 prone burials dated to 1300 years BP reveal that the area once was a large village of Iron age in central Taiwan. The cultural remains are distributed near the Fa Zi River area. The inhabitants relied on food sources from the river, it is unfortunate that fishing nets have yet to be found. Raw materials of stone tools and stone hammers were also unearthed. These revealed that tools were made within the village, and the development of the agriculture led to the appearance of the stone knives.

HO Chuan Kuan (Anthropology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan)
The Last Glacial Megafaunas and Paleolithic Hunters in Taiwan
Panel: Palaeolithic Archaeology of East Asia (SHEN Chen and Gao XING)

The late Chinese archaeologist Dr. Kwang-Chih Chang once said that, "Although Taiwan is small, it is diversified culturally". In Taiwan, Archaeological studies began more than a century ago, in 1896. Since then, more than 2500 prehistoric sites have been discovered. Among them, those that relate to Taiwan’s Paleolithic sites are few in number, but can be considered as the tip of the iceberg. During Taiwan’s time as a colony of Japan(1895-1945), Japanese scholars hypothesized that Taiwan and Mainland China were linked during the glacial periods. The Paleolithic hunter and gatherers most likely followed the movement of megafaunas southward to the present day Taiwan Strait.
Within the last decade of the 20th century, among the animal fossils dredgred from the Penghu Channel were found human fossils and animal fossils bearing cut marks processed by Paleolithic hunters. Such discoveries will shed new light on the Paleontogical and Paleolithic researches in Taiwan. This paper will reconstruct the lifeways of Taiwan’s early Paleolithic hunters and their Paleoenvironmental settings from the perspective of these new underwater fossil discoveries.

HOSOYA, Leo Aoi (Research Institute for Humanity and Natur, Japan)
Plant food subsistence strategy and the 'routine-scape' in Japanese and Chinese prehistory
Panel: Prehistoric Landscape Shifts in the East Asian Inland Seas (UCHIYAMA Junzo, Hideyuki ONISHI, Ilona BAUSCH)

Tian Luo Shan is a recently discovered Hemede culture site, where analyses of organic remains have been positively carried out. The results have revealed, in spite of the traditional image of ‘rice farmers’ of Hemede culture, that considerable amount of gathered plant food; acorns were used there. In this presentation, the author reconstructs how the gathering-farming strategy was reflected in their space use of the living sphere and their routine activities, based on analyses of spatial distribution of botanical remains and archaeological features such as storage facility.

HUNG Ling-yu (Washington University in St. Louis, USA) (coauthored with CUI Jianfeng (Peking University), CHEN Honghai (Xibei University), WANG Hui (Gansu Archaeological Research Institute), CHEN Jian (Chendu Archaeological Research Institute)
Painted pottery and long distance trade in late Neolithic Northwestern China
Panel: NN

Formal analysis indicates that long-distance trade (over several hundred kilometers), exotic potters, and the unskilled imitation of exotic decoration styles need to be considered for studying painted pottery yielded from the late Neolithic Majiayao, Banshan, and Machang phases (5300–4700 BP, 4700–4350 BP and 4350–4050 BP respectively) in Northwestern China. Were certain painted pots imported from some production centers or locally produced? As the amount of local production centers gradually developed, did the frequency of pottery trade decrease along time? This paper will address these questions through firsthand examinations, formal analysis and provenience study (ICP-AES).

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IIZUKA Yoshiyuki (Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, China)
Decoding ancient glass: Methods for chemical analysis
Panel: The contribution of glass study to East Asian archaeology (James LANKTON, Phyllis LIN)

By studying the chemical compositions of glass artifacts lead we can learn much about the cultural background of the glass, including the possible origins of materials and the development of glass making techniques. Although a number of analytical methods for determining chemical composition have been reported, comparison studies between different analytical methods contain several problems, and, in addition, the usefulness of a particular method depends largely on the archaeological questions being asked. This paper will review available methods for chemical analysis of early glass, such as electron-, and laser-beam analyses, with illustrations from the study of glass beads in Taiwan.

IIZUKA Yoshiyuki (Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, China) co-authored with Junko UCHIDA
A metallurgical Study on the Bronzes from Anyang Royal Tombs
Panel: Shang Archaeology (TANG Jigen, JIN Zhichun, Junko UCHIDA)

A series of metallurgical investigation has been carried out on bronzes from the Royal Tombs and the Palace area of Yinxu site, Anyang. Studied bronzes were prepared as polished section for structure observation and quantitative chemical analysis by a scanning electron microscope attached with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Results indicate that both casting technique and mixture ratios of source material of bronzes (Copper, Tin and Lead) were already well developed for different artifacts with the time. Source materials might be suggested by existing of minor elements from micro-segregation and inclusions of bronzes.

IKAWA SMITH, Fumiko (McGill University, Montreal, Canada)
"Obsidian Roads" of the Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherers in Pacific Northeast Asia
Panel: Inter-regional interaction in East Asian Prehistory and History (Francis ALLARD)

Starting about 25,000 Cal.YBP, the use of microblades in composite tools spread widely throughout Northeast Asia. Occurrences of some of the complex procedures for microblade detachment at widely separated locales could not be reasonably understood as the results of independent inventions. Additional evidence of inter-regional contacts is provided by the geochemical analysis of obsidian, which was often the favoured lithic material chosen for microblade production. Paleogeography of the north-western Pacific Rim, combined with the radiocarbon and tephro-chronological ages of the assemblages, helps us trace the procurement network, involving some open sea crossing as well as overland routes.

ITO, Shinji (Kokugakuin University, Tokyo, Japan)
Cultural landscape shift of Prehistoric Okinawa Islands: Case study of Izena Island group
Panel: Prehistoric Landscape Shifts in the East Asian Inland Seas (UCHIYAMA Junzo, Hideyuki ONISHI, Ilona BAUSCH)

One of the most important achievements of recent Ryukyu archaeology is Dr. Takamiya Hiroto’s new hypothesis about prehistoric human adaptation process of Okinawa Islands. In his hypothesis suggested that the possibility of depopulation period or human extinction on the prehistoric Okinawa Islands. I will discuss about this “Dark Age” problem in the northern part of Ryukyu archipelago (Okinawa, Amami and Tokara Islands) from the both view of material culture and prehistoric landscape use pattern.

ITOH Takao (Kyoto University, Japan, Japan)
Database of tree species and uses in wooden objects unearthed in Japan
Panel: Identification, preservation and study of ancient wooden relics in East Asia (Takao ITOH and Mechtild MERTZ)

A large number of wooden objects have been unearthed from different historic sites in Japan. The wood species of these remains has been identified microscopically and published in the reports of unearthed cultural properties. It is important to make database of the excavated wood and do the statistical analysis for the deep understanding of the relation between tree species and their uses in different localities and era. The author published a database of excavated wood in Japan in 1988 for the first time. It has passed 20 years and a number of reports on wood identification have been piled up since that time. On this occasion, we made a basic list of wood artifacts composed of four successive divisions; gloss classification to detailed one, including the name of their subdivided parts. We arranged all wood artifacts according to the list. We also included ID number of each wooden object. The revised database includes the data of more than 250,000 wooden objects with more than 60,000 records. The database will give us statistical data of wood uses of a variety of species in ancient Japan.

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JIA, Weiming Peter (The University of Sydney, Australia) with Xinhua WU (Xinjiang Team of Archaeological Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Science)
Initial result of floatation at the Luanzanggang site in Xinjiang
Panel: Comparative Study of Early Complex Societies in East Asia and the World (LI Liu and CHEN Xingcan)

The initial result of floatation at the Luanzanggang site indicates the early farming has occurred during the Bronze Age on the northern Tianshan slope of Zhungerer Basin. The variety of the crops seeds found during the floatation shows this farming was multi-crops which possibly contained wheat, millet, barley. As parallel reference, crop seeds were also found at Wupu, Harmi, and Xiaohe cemetery around 2000BC. These crops should come from different area during the early Bronze Age, such as wheat and barley were possibly brought here from further west, Central Asia and West Asia. Through the transitional zone, Zhunggerer Basin, Xinjiang, these crops were brought to the further east Upper Yellow River and central China. But millet should follw the same route but with a opposite direction, from central China to Xinjiang and further west. This reflects the early connection between east and west. However, crop seeds foun at Luanzanggang is the first time report from Zhunggerer Basin and more similar discoveries should be presented along with the floatation process in further fieldwork.
农业种植的新证据：乱葬岗子遗址浮选的初步结果
乱葬岗子遗址浮选的初步结果表明了当时旱地农业的存在和东西方的交流。旱地农业在青铜时代已成为准噶尔盆地天山北坡的主要经济类型之一。浮选结果中的多种旱地种植谷物的发现，例如小麦，大麦，小米，黄米和很有可能高粱的出现说明了当时的农业已进入了多种谷物种植的阶段。与这一遗址相邻的天山南面的五堡，哈密和洋海墓地，黄米和小麦均有发现。另外还有孔雀河流域的小河、古墓沟墓地也发现了小麦和黄米，时代在公元前2000年左右的青铜时代。所有这些谷物很有可能是在青铜时代早期从不同的地方传入的。像小麦和大麦可能是从更远的西部，如中亚，西亚传入的。这些谷物通过新疆，准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地又传到东面的黄河上游直致中原地区。但是黄米和小米是经过相反的路线，从中原进入黄河上游，再到新疆及中亚和更西的地区。这一相互的传播反映了早期东西方的联系。乱葬岗子遗址浮选的初步结果其种植谷物是在准噶尔盆地青铜时代的首次发现。随着将来更多的浮选工作的开展，新的、或与乱葬岗子浮选结果相似的也将会出现在田野工作中。（澳大利亚悉尼大学贾伟明，中国社科院考古所巫新华）

JIANG Zhilong (Yunnan Provincial Institute of Archaeology, China)
Preliminary insight on Bronze Age political organization based on settlement studies in the Lake Dian Basin, Yunnan China
Panel: Early Complex Societies in the Sichuan Basin and Surrounding Areas (Rowan FLAD)

In the 50 years since the discovery of the King of Dian tomb, the sociopolitical organization of the so-called Dian Kingdom remains poorly understood due to a paucity of research on occupation sites from the Bronze Age period. The recent discovery and excavation of a few known sites demonstrate a contrastive view of economic and social activity from portrayals depicted on bronze drums and cowrie shell containers. This paper presents preliminary findings from "shellmound" occupation sites and discusses the distribution of settlements relative to the "elite" cemetery grounds. Our discussion then evaluates how the data measures up to various working models proposed for Bronze Age political formations.
中國雲南滇池流域青銅器時代行政體制初現於群居部落之研究
自滇王墓發現至今五十多年來，由於對青銅器時代相關區域的疏於研究，因此後來對所謂滇王時代(約500BC)的社會行政體制亦缺少瞭解。最近在少數相關區域陸續挖掘發現，從出土之銅鼓和贮貝器可證明比對當時的社會狀態和經濟活動。本摘要既是要為探討從貝丘區遗址域的初現到部落葬区間之關聯性。我們自討論到評估就是為了要在未來對青銅器時代的行政經濟形成研究提出資料的建檔步驟和分類的工作進行模式。

JIN Gui-Yun (China)
Neolithic rice-paddy from the Zhaojiazhuang site, Shandong
Panel: New data and issues of archaeobotany in East Asia (Gary CRAWFORD, Hiroki OBATA, Zhijun ZHAO)

To identify and study the Neolithic rice-paddy in Shandong, eastern China, is not only an important issue in the development of Chinese rice agriculture, but also a key part of the study on rice spread in East Asia. Due to the limitation of archaeological materials and the research methods, there have been no discoveries about the Neolithic rice-paddy in Shandong Province for a long time. Based on the identification of possible rice-paddy by archaeological excavation, phytolith analysis of soil samples from this "paddy" has been systematically carried out and the results have shown a 4600～4300 years old rice-paddy preserved at the Zhaojiazhuang site. This is the first examination and study of the rice-paddy in North China by systematic phytolith analysis, which is very important for the Neolithic archaeological research and the study of the eastward spread of rice agricultural techniques in East Asia.

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KAMIJO Nobuhiko (Kyushu University, Japan)
Agricultural diffusion from the Use wear analysis of ground stone
Panel: MIYAMOTO Kazuo

This paper supposes how the prehistoric farming technology diffuses to the Japanese Islands from analysis of Ground Stone by introducing not only the morphological analysis but also the use-wear analysis. As a result, two sets that differed from function and uses were recognized, called saddle quern and polish/pound/indentation stones. The composition of the sets is different according to the locality and the location. Therefore, it is supposed that the reception of the food processing technique with the farming is not the monotheistic and drastic change at least, but compound and gradual change, and combined with the conventional technique.

KANG, In Uk (Faculty of History, college of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pukyong National Univerisity, Korea)
Alternative development of iron making in the East Asia in the first half of 1st millenium B.C.- based on the newly excavated iron tools from Barabash-3, Yankovsky culture of the Far East Region of Russia
Panel: NN

Newly excavated site Barabash-3 shed light on the existence of alternative tradition of iron making besides China in the Far East in the 1st millenium B.C.. Authour argues the reason why and how it could be possible in the 'periphery' from chinese civilization.

KANG, Bong W (Department of Cultural Resources Studies, Gyeongju University, Korea)
The Role of Long-distance Exchange in Socio-political Development in Protohistoric Korea
Panel: Inter-regional interaction in East Asian Prehistory and History (Francis ALLARD)

Many archaeologists have considered long-distance exchange to be one of the most important mechanisms in the development of early complex societies. The Korean peninsula is not an exception, since a great number of imported artifacts have been identified at many different archaeological sites in Korea. In addition, early Chinese historical literary sources provide brief statements of merchandises, processes, and the people(s) involved in the interregional exchange between Chinese dynasties and polities located in Korea. Combining literary sources with artifacts discovered in various locations of Korea, this paper will examine the role of long-distance exchange in the development of socio-political complexity in the Korean peninsula.

KARALI-GIANNAKOPOULOU, Ioulia (Lilian) (University of Athens-Greece, Greece)
Collecting Shells: Edward Morse and the 1878 Omori Excavations
Panel: A Century of Preserving Archaeological Heritage in East Asia (PAI Hyung II)

The Omori Excavatio

Fourth Worldwide Conference of the SEAA

2-5 June 2008, Beijing, P.R. China

Paper Abstracts

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