Society for East Asian Archaeology (SEAA)

Contents

SEAA actives:

President: Prof. Gina L. Barnes, East Asian Studies, Univ of Durham, Durham DH1 3TH, England. Fax +44-191-374-3242; email: [...]
Vice President: Prof. Sarah Nelson, Dept. of Anthropology, Uni. of Denver, 2130 South Race, Denver, CO 80208, USA. FAX: 303-871-2437; E-mail: [...]
Secretary: Dr. Yangjin PAK, Dept of Archaeology, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea
Treasurer: Mr. Simon Kaner, Dept of Archaeology, Univ of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England; e-mail: [...]

Korea Treasurer: Dr. Insook LEE, #204-33 Kaenari Apt., Yeoksamdong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-082 Korea. Tel/Fax +82-2-553-8027
Japan Treasurer: Dr. Kojiro MIZOGUCHI, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, 4-2-1 Ropponmatsu, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810 Japan. Fax +81-92-731-8745, e-mail: [...]
China Treasurer: Ms. Jianjun YANG, c/o Liaoning Provincial Archaeological Research Institute, Liaoning Provincial Museum, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. Fax +86-24-282-5842

Korea Representative: Dr. Insook LEE (see above)
Japan Representative: Prof. Hideo KONDO, Dept History, Faculty of Letters, Tokai Univ, Kitakaname 1117, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan. Tel. +81-463-58-1211x303, Fax +81-463-83-8198
China Representative: Dr. WANG Tao, Art & Archaeology Dep., SOAS, Univ of London, Thornhaugh St., London WC1H 0XG, England. Tel. +44-171-637-6192, Fax +44-171-436-3844
European Representative: Dr. Mark Hudson, Dept of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima, Okayama 700 Japan. Fax +81-86-255-9903
North American Representative: Dr. James Grayson, Centre for Korean Studies, Sheffield University, Sheffield S10 2UJ, England. Tel. +44-114-282-4390, Fax +44-114-272-9479

Journal Editor: Prof. Lothar von Falkenhausen, Art History Dept, Dixon Hall, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1417, USA. Fax +1-310-359-1689, e-mail: [...]
EAANnouncements Editor: Prof. Gina L. Barnes (see above)
China Round-up Editor: Dr. Francis Allard, Dept of Anthropology, Univ of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Fax 412-648-7535, e-mail: [...]
Japan Round-up Editor: Dr. Mark Hudson (see above)
Book Reviews Editor: Mr. Simon Kaner (see above)

AAS Liaison (Association for Asian Studies) Prof. Kathy Linduff, Department of Fine Arts, 128 Frick Fine Arts Bldg., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. Fax +1-412-648-2792, e-mail: [...]
SAA Liaison (Society for American Archaeology) Dr. Francis Allard (see above)
IPPA Liaison (Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association) Mr. Magnus Fiskesjö, Institute of Anthropology, Unnan Univ, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 65001 PRChina. Fax +86-871-516-5031. [in China for PhD fieldwork during the academic year of 1996-97]
TAG Liaison (Theoretical Archaeology Group) Dr. Anthony Sinclair, Archaeological Sciences, William Hartley Bldg (North), Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. Fax 151-794-5057; email: [...]

SEAA activities:

From the editor......

Greetings from a very busy office! For the past two issues of EAANnouncements, SEAA has benefitted greatly from the assistance of the CREAA Secretary, Theresa McGill, who had taken over responsibility for compiling the contents of the newsletter from the many and varied source materials I have sent her way. She has been brilliant in distilling this information into the 'nouncements format and printing out good copy ready for reproduction and distribution. Just when I thought we might have finally solved the problem of newsletter production, Theresa has given in her notice. We wish her well in her next job as a Web Consultant, and SEAA might well be able to take advantage of her services in finally getting a dedicated web site up and running.
Meanwhile, the SEAA Council has approved the efforts of the Journal Editor, Lothar von Falkenhausen to pursue the creation of a top-notch journal with Brill, academic publishers of high reputation located in Leiden, The Netherlands. By the spring issue, we hope to have a report from the Journal Editor on progress in this area. Many thanks to Lothar in taking on this job and acting very much on the Society's behalf in trying to provide a high quality venue for publications on East Asian archaeology.
The SEAA Council met on the Internet between early August and late September. Other decisions arrived at through our email interchange was the addition of a Liaison Officer for the Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) in Britain, Dr. Anthony (Steam) Sinclair. Also, there is a change of representatives afoot in the Japan area which will be confirmed in the next newsletter.
This issue of EAANnouncements carries the abstracts of papers read at the amEAAN meeting in Chicago and the titles of the euroEAAN meeting in Durham last spring (1997). In the spring of 1998, there will be much East Asian activity at the SAA (Society for American Archaeology) meetings in Seattle, and therefore we will not have an amEAAN meeting at the AAS (Association for Asian Studies) meeting in Washington, D.C. For the second year in recent history, these two meetings have been scheduled on the same dates; most East Asian archaeologists will be attending the Seattle SAA meetings, so plan to go along if you want to hear the latest on archaeology in East Asia!

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MEMBER NEWS

Mark HUDSON, Lecturer in the Department of Archaeology, Division of History and Culture at Okayama University in Japan, has been continuing his work on agriculture and population change in late prehistoric Japan and has (according to him) also been trying to get to grips with the basics of human osteology. This year he has a grant from the Japanese Ministry of Education to look at forager-farmer interactions in Japan. This is part of a large four-year project entitled 'Interdisciplinary Study on the Origins of Japanese Peoples and Cultures' headed by geneticist OMOTO Keiichi. In August, as part of this project, Mark excavated a 4-6th century AD burial site at Obama on Tanegashima with Professor KOMOTO from Kumamoto University. He has applied for funds to return next year with Prof. OKITA to do a ground radar survey to look for more burials. The skeletal material from Obama is being studied by DOI Naomi from the University of the Ryukyus and in December Mark plans to go to Okinawa to do some paleopathology work with Doi on Okinawan and Tanegashima collections. Meanwhile, Mark's thesis (Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands, 400 BC to AD 1400) won a J.G. Crawford university medal from the ANU and the inaugral Asian Studies Association of Australia Presidents' prize for the 'best Australian dissertation on Asia in 1996'. He is now finishing revisions for publication and will submit the final manuscript by the end of the year. Contact: mjhudson@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.

Gideon SHELACH of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and Prof. LINDUFF of the University of Pittsburgh, visited China for two weeks during the summer traveling to different parts of Inner Mongolia meeting with local archaeologists and visiting many sites and museums. During their stay, they finalised an agreement to start work next summer on a full coverage survey of the area around Gongdi in the Chifeng region (an area where an excavation of Lower Xiajiadian site is underway). Dependent upon funding, they also hope to start mapping Lower Xiajiadian sites with total station equipment.

FIELD & RESEARCH REPORTS:

For articles to appear in this section, they should be limited to 500-1000 words and submitted to the Editor by the issue deadlines stated on the front cover of EAANnouncements: mid-January for the Spring issue, mid-May for the Summer issue, and mid-September for the Autumn issue. The editor reserves the right to edit or decline to print. Please report research here!!

Animal Bones from Peschany 1, Peter the Great Bay, Russian Far East
by Peter Rowley-Conwy & Yuri Vostretsov
This report describes the analysis of animal bones from Peschany 1. The site lies on the western side of Peter the Great Bay a few kilometers from Vladivostok, and belongs to the Yankovsky Culture dating to the 1st millennium BC. It is a large coastal shell midden, first excavated during the 1950s by A.P. Okladnikov who excavated the remains of 14 houses (Okladnikov 1963). Excavations by Vostretsov in 1989-91 concentrated on a single house site and were conducted to the highest modern standards: all deposits were wet sieved through 2 mm mesh, and flotation was used to recover plant remains. The latter have not been fully analysed, but millet and barley have been noted (Vostretsov in press).
The animal bones from the Vostretsov excavations are listed in Table 1 (a very large number of fish bones was also recovered; these have not been examined). Pig is the most common species, amounting to over half of all identified fragments. Domestic dog is next in importance; many of the dog bones show clear signs of butchery, and there is no doubt that the
dogs were eaten. Roe deer are also fairly common, red deer less so. A single large ungulate bone was probably cow, though elk could not be excluded. Birds (not identified to species) were quite numerous, but curiously for a coastal site, marine mammals were virtually absent.
The question arises as to whether the pigs were wild, domestic, or a mixture of both. Yermolova (1963) identified almost all the pigs from the Okladnikov excavations as domestic, with under 1% wild. One of the main aims of this study was to test this conclusion, in part using new methods developed since Yermolova's study was carried out. For this purpose many measurements were taken on the Peschany 1 pig bones, conforming to the definitions put forward by Payne and Bull (1988). These were compared to measurements taken from nine modern wild boar skulls housed in the Zoological Museum of the Far Eastern University, Vladivostok. In most cases the Peschany 1 individuals were much smaller than the modern wild specimens, although a few were as large.
An example is given in Figure 1, which uses the first permanent molar of the upper jaw. The whole Peschany 1 scatter is too wide to come from a single genetic population. The three largest Peschany 1 specimens in Figure 1 fall in the modern wild size range and are interpreted as wild. The main Peschany 1 group conforms to a single population and is interpreted as domestic. The wild and domestic pigs at Peschany 1 were two separate genetic populations; there cannot have been much interbreeding, or the two populations would be of the same size. Thus, the conclusion put forward by Yermolova (1963) is believed to be correct.

Species	fragments
pig, Sus scrofa	1283
dog, Canis familiaris	486
?fox, cf. Vulpes	11
roe deer, Capreolus capreolus	130
red deer, Cervus elaphus	43
elk or cow, Bos or Alces	1
bear, Ursus sp.	11
sea mammal	?1
large whale, Cetacea	1
hare, Lepus sp.	15
bird, Aves	106
frog, Ranidae	2
TOTAL	2090

Table 1. Animal bone fragments (NISP) from Peschany 1.

Figure 1. Dimenstions of mandibular M1 of pigs from Peschany 1, compared to those of modern wild specimens from the same region. The measurements are as defined by Payne and Bull (1988).

Modern methods thus reveal that Peschany 1 was a fully agricultural settlement, with domestic pigs confirmed alongside the cultivated plants. Fish were also of major importance in the diet, though marine mammals were not. Many other settlements of the same period are known in Peter the Great Bay, and it is hoped that in due course they will supplement the information from Peschany 1.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Irina Yevgenovna of the Zoological Museum, Far Eastern University, for permission to measure the wild boar skulls the Museum. PR-C would like to thank the Royal Society for financial support, Professor Victor Larin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, for providing accommodation, and all in Yuri Vostretsov's laboratory for help and hospitality.

Okladnikov, A.P. 1963. Drevnie poselenie na poluostrove Peschanom u Vladivostoka: materialy k drevnei istorii dalnego Vostoka. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.(Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR 112).
Payne, S. and Bull, G. 1988. Components of variation in measurements of pig bones and teeth, and the use of measurements to distinguish wild from domestic pig remains. ArchæoZoologia II, 27-65.
Vostretsov, Y.I. in press. Interaction of Maritime and Agricultural Adaptations in the Japan Sea Basin. In: Change in Agrarian Systems, ed. J. Hather and C. Gosden, London: Routledge.
Yermolova, N.M. 1963. Ostatki mlyekopitayushchikh iz rakovinnikh kuch poluostrova Peschanogo. In: Drevnie poselenie na poluostrove Peschanom u Vladivostoka : materialy k drevnei istorii dalnego Vostoka., ed. A.P. Okladnikov, 344-348. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR. (Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR 112).

Peter Rowley-Conwy,
Department of Archaeology,
University of Durham, UK

Yuri Vostretsov,
Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Valdivostok, Russia

Presentation of Historical Resources in South Korea
by N. James
Considering the continuing turbulence of Korea's history, it is to be expected that historical resources there are presented carefully to the public. A short tour of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), in September 1997, was the opportunity for a review of presentation at field monuments and museums of history and archeology.
Kyŏng-ju and environs, hearth of the Shilla kingdom during the First Millennium CE, illustrates various techniques. Especially famous are the royal tombs. The main group is protected in a park, where the largest have been shorn but the smaller ones remain covered with trees and shrubs. The Heavenly Horse Tomb is kept open for visitors and has been reconstructed as found in 1973, with many of its treasures exhibited in cases set into the surrounding flanks of the mound. There could be no better way to explain the tomb itself. Housing was cleared from another group of tumuli in 1984. At both sites, a small staff of attendants tries to prevent visitors from climbing the steep grassy flanks of the mounds; and we are barred completely from the eastern group of tumuli but given fine views of them across lawns.
Just outside the town lies the Anapji Pond, the site of a palace, excavated in 1975-6. The pond, part of the adjacent garden, and three of the pavilions have been reconstructed, and markers set out where the remains of other buildings were found. Reconstruction has also been carried out on the site of the Neolithic settlement in Amsadong, Seoul; and here a sample of the excavated dwellings is left on display, which is excellent for helping visitors to understand the evidence.
Of the monuments around Kyŏng-ju, the best known are those at Mt T'ohamsan (added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995). The Pulguksa monastery was sacked in 1593 and remained largely ruined until reconstructed and landscaped 25 years ago. Higher up, at Sokkuram, presides the statue of the Buddha, gazing-until recently-out to the sea. Since the first attempts to stabilise it, in 1913-4, conservation has proved very difficult; and today the statue is roofed over and glassed in. Likewise, at Kongju, the condition of the tomb of the Paekche king, Muryŏng, is deteriorating: discovered in 1971, it was reconstructed in the same way as the Heavenly Horse Tomb but not in the tumulus itself, and separate provision was made for access to the tumulus and two adjacent mounds; but, in recent years, access to the tumuli has been curtailed owing to problems in controlling the air inside; and, in summer 1997, they were completely closed up.
It is puzzling, in Kyŏng-ju, that the great ramparts of Panwŏlsŏng are neglected. Protecting the presumed site of a palace, they help to provide context for all the tombs; but, other than one brief notice, all that is presented is an ice house dating from 1738. Likewise, in Seoul, the Olympic Park is surrounded by the immense ramparts of the Mŏngch'on T'osŏng Fortress, possible site of the first Paekche capital, in the earlier First Millennium CE; but, again, scarcely any interpretation is offered, even in the museum here.
In some ways, however, signage is used to great effect. At the Anapji Pond, we learn not only of what was discovered but also something of the criteria by which parts of the site were reconstructed. Again, this is admirable for encouraging critical appraisal. At Sŏkkuram, we are told that "It is our duty ... to preserve this great cultural property" for posterity but that there are "great difficulties" of conservation, and we are asked to accept the necessity of the glass screen: in effect, we are invited to take part in preserving the statue.
Would, then, that other aspects of management were so thoughtful. "Sŏkkuram is to Korea as Shakespeare to England", a companion explained; and, a few minutes later, a single party of a thousand school boys filed past! Museums too, at times, are crowded. Smaller parties of youngsters with sketch pads and note books do evince a culture of critical assessment; but, without that, cultural resources are mere fetishes.
At museums too, the standard of presentation is high and, tellingly, remarkably consistent in style. The national museums in Seoul and Kyŏng-ju are set out with superb elegance and kept up impeccably. The former is new (and due to be replaced, in turn); but it is a surprise to learn that the latter is more than twenty years old. The same standard has been achieved at the Kyŏnggi Provincial Museum, opened in 1996, and likewise at the Korean Folk Village, a large private open air ethnographic museum, opened in 1974. Equally admirable, in its way, is the small new museum at Yangyang, which is the work of a trust.
Exhibitions are set out with very ample space, not only between the cases but also around the exhibits themselves. This is related to another feature of the treatment of archeology: in large part, the exhibits are presented in discrete technological groups (pottery in one case, metalwork in another, and so on); and much of the interpretive text is given over to the definition of culture areas marked in successive periods by particular types of artefact. There are some compensations for this art historical (and 'ethnological') approach: dioramas that show how various forms of evidence can be combined to reconstruct past ways of life; and, at the national museums in Seoul and Kyŏng-ju, for example, scale models of the surrounding landscapes that help us to understand the settings of sites and finds; but these are supplements. At the Korean Folk Village, by contrast, reconstruction of ways of life is the whole purpose.
Note the dates. Techniques common throughout the country, and the prevalence of a particular interpretive paradigm, reflect the recent development of cultural heritage presentation.
Presentation is carried out with conviction-and an eye to tourism. Remarkable is widespread signage in English alongside the Korean. Not only is there a big US military presence but also the 1988 Olympiad brought a large influx of foreigners, and, no doubt, it is hoped that World Cup football will do the same in 2002. However, although Japanese comprise the largest proportion of foreign visitors, their language is not used.
(I am indebted to Prof. G Barnes, Dr Lee I.S., Dr Chang K.H., Dr Choe J.H. and Mr Kim G.J. for helping me to understand the sites and museums that I visited-but the blame for any errors is mine. I am also grateful to Prof. Barnes and the CREAA for helping to arrange my visit.)

PLN James Consultancy,
59 Mawson Road, Cambridge
CB1 2DZ, England

Comparative research on Hadrian's Wall and Japan's ancient fortresses
by Prof. Shoji Kobayashi
(This research was conducted during Prof. Kobayashi's residence in Durham as a Visiting Professor to CREAA between June 1st and August 31st this year)
This may be the first attempt of comparative research Hadrian's Wall and Japan's ancient fortresses. The existance of tribal societies (the northern Emishi and the southern Hayato) in the ancient Japan Isles was quite similar-in spite of many differences between here and there-to the tribal societies in ancient northern Britain who stubbornly resisted the Romans.
The ancient state in the Japan Isles had to have a lot of fortresses in the north and south in order to rule its frontiers. In these fortresses, there were no ramparts and ditches but only a kind of palisade and mud wall. The protection they afforded might not have been any stronger than the protection of Hadrian's Wall. And then, it has been thought by recent scholars that their function was not as military facilities but as administrative offices.
Stephen Johnson questioned, "What was Hadrian's intention?", and offered answers such as 1) border control, 2) separation of the Brigantes from their disruptive neighbours, or 3) a measure of preclusive security. He wrote (1989: 65), What other motives were there? For if the wall was built actually to mark the limit of Rome's empire, to signify the extent to which Rome could hope to control the people under its sway, then this is a momentous event indeed....to be made to feel secure, and encouraged to turn their thoughts inwards. It is remarkable to tell us that Hadrian's wall and other, similar frontiers, were one means of achieving this ideal.
Barry Cunliffe wrote that a variety of continental weapon types, particularly swords, were copies and often improved upon by British metalworkers in the 8th c. BC, and this same pattern continued throughout the Iron Age without a break (1995: 23).
1. The Middle Iron Age (400-100 BC) saw a wave of commercial movement of Roman merchants reach the British Isles. In the Late Iron Age (100 BC~), wine bottled into amphorae was imported into southern Britain. The principal exports of Britain were well known: grain, cattle, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and dogs. It was remarkable that iron was included in these exports.
2. Gift exchange systems were developed using imported items that brought much property to strong chieftains and chiefs. As the trade grew more active before the campaigns of Caesar in 55-54 BC, the gift exchange between elites on two sides of the Channel had already changed to a new style of commercial trade.
3. By AD 40, the southeast of Britain had become a proto-state in the making, under the high king Cunobelinus. And then the abandonment of hillforts seems to be matched by the development of a new type of defended site which can be called the 'enclosed oppidum' and 'territorial oppidum'. The British tribes had already began to mint their own coins.
4. After the Roman emperor Claudius' armies attacked Britain in AD 43, Venutius , the king of the Brigantes, wanted to join the league against Rome. But his wife, queen Cartimandua, who was supported by part of the tribal elites, turned him over to the Roman authorities. In contrast, queen Boudica, widow of the Icenian king Praustagus, mounted a strong rebellion against Rome. It was important that these two women were not exceptional in the British Iron Age.
The progression, as I see it, seems to have been first, the development of iron manufacture and trade; second, the emergence of strong women's status and firm tribal combinations; third, constitution of the state in the Late Iron Age of Britain. The first two but not the third can be seen in similar conditions in the east, southwest, northwest, northeast as well as the central-south area. Therefore, I think that the background of strong rebellion against Rome was supported with some conditions which were not only the development of iron manufacture but also the firm tribal combinations.
How was it in the Japan Isles? There were blacksmiths from 300 BC in the Japan Isles, but iron manufacture did not begin until the second half of the 5th century AD. Prof. Kiyoaki KITō postulates that the core policy and diplomacy with ancient Korea was designed to provide for the acquisition of iron materials (Kitō 1993).
The regular Iron Age in the Japan Isles began at last in the second half of the 5th c. when the Karakanuchi-be ancestor, who held the status of metalworker, migrated to the Japan Isles. In this era, Bu, who was called Yuryaku the Great King, wrote to the Emperor of China that he had conquered the northern and western areas in the Japan Isles and verseas area.
The diffusion of iron manufacturing to the Etchu district in the 7th c. and to Echigo in the beginning of the 8th c. brought it in touch with the northern Emishi who were tribal peoples. Iron manufacture in Echigo district was introduced to every lower administrative office at the county (gun) level; manufacture of salt and Sue pottery occured at the higher administrative offices of the province (kuni).

Johnson, Stephen (1989) Hadrian's Wall. London: B.T. Batsford.
Cunliffe, Barry (1995) Iron Age Britain. London: B.T. Batsford.

Department of Archaeology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan

DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS

PhD Degrees

The Evolution of Early Buddhist Architecture in Korea
by Richard R. Hollenweger, Ph.D., Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switerland, n.d.
This study examines the origins and development of Buddhist architecture in Korea from the 4th to 10th centuries AD. The work sets out to describe and analyse the existing remains of Korean Buddhist architecture from these centuries in the hopes of providing a basis for further studies in Korean architecture and Korean religious history. The author also attempts to come to an understanding of the relations between early Buddhist architecture in Korea and both the Chinese ruling dynasties from Wei to Tang and the Japanese Asuka to early Heian periods.
The periods of early Korean Buddhist architecture examined include: the Ko-gu-ryo (Koguryo), a fourth century northern Korean kingdom that was the first to officially adpot Buddhism as a state religion and erect temples in important cities; the Baek-che (Paekche), a southern Korean kindom of the fourth century that eventually exported its variant of Buddhist culture to Japan; ancient Sin-la (Silla), which absorbed Buddhist culture in the sixth century, the architecture showing influences from both northern and southern China as well as from other Korean kingdoms; the Bar-hae (Parhae/Bohai) kingdom, whose traditions were modelled after the Koguryo kingdom as well as being influenced strongly by Tang China; and lastly, unified Sin-la where Buddhism was at the centre of the nation and large Buddhist temples were erected all over the country. During this final period discussed, a period of political stability, the spread of Buddhism into the numerous valleys of mountainous Korea brought about a diversification of the lay-out of temples to fit local situations. Rigid galleries were abandoned in many rural temples and lay-out types of terraces and courtyards were developed. Pagodas lost their importance in the lay-out of temples and occupied various positions. Korean stone masonry reached an unparalleled summit during this period as witnessed by the more than one hundred extant stone pagodas and the dozens of beautiful stone sculptures of this period.

MSc Degrees

Spatial variation of plant remains from the Ezo-Haji period Sakushu-Kotoni River site, Hokkaido, Japan
by Gyoung-Ah Lee, M.Sc., University of Toronto
This research examines the behavioural patterns of the Ezo-Haji people with respect to their subsistence activities and spatial utilization by using exploratory data analysis. Three objectives of the study are: (1) to summarize taxonomic identification and quantification of plant remains recovered from the Sakushu-Kotoni River site in Hokkaido; (2) to analyze intrasite spatial patterns based on distributions of features, artifacts and plants; and (3) to review the position of the Ezo-Haji period in terms of the transition into food production in Japan.
The Sakushu-Kotoni River site is a ninth-century AD village of the Ezo-Haji period, the ancestral phase of the Ainu. Its plant remains are more extensive than any which have been analyzed in Japan. A total of 212,750 carbonized seeds have been recovered from 103 soil samples (503.9 litre) by water flotation, including 19 samples analyzed by myself. This Sakushu-Kotoni collection of thirty-nine taxa is dominated by cultigens (89% of the total seed number) such as foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, barnyard millet, barley, wheat, rice, adzuki and mung beans, hemp, melon and beefsteak plant. In contrast with the traditional view of the Ezo peoples as the foragers focusing on salmon and deer, these abundant domesticates confirm that dryland farming of millets, barley and wheat played a substantial role on subsistence activities of this year-round based Ezo-Haji village.
Seed compositions and densities are different in various archaeological features which include five subterranean houses, six external-house pits, a midden mound and burned soil area with organic materials. In terms of plant remains, pits are the richest feature type with an average seed density of 4,104 specimens per litre of soil. Moreover, cultigens are highly concentrate in the pits. The samples from the mound provide abundant grains as well as plentiful potsherds and stone flakes. This suggests that the pits and mound might have been storage facilities or alternatively refuse deposits. Except one sample from an oven inside House 2, house samples have very low seed densities less than 56 n/l, dominated by various weedy and fresh fruit seeds.
Comparing the ethnographic data of the traditional Ainu in Tokapchi valley, Hokkaido, provides insight into understanding the Ezo-Haji village. The houses at Sakushu-Kotoni River show similarities with Ainu houses, including their structure and orientation along the river. These similarities may be related to the Ainu cosmology, particularly, the kamui belief system.

JOBS & GRANTS

Due to its increase in size, the May 1997 issue (Number 55) of Newsletter, East Asian Art & Archaeology does not include information on grant and fellowship requirements and deadlines. The information has been posted on the internet at the following address: http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/NEAA/NEAA.html and will remain there year-round being updated periodically.

Grants Received

Korea Foundation
Li, Yuan (Assistant, Institute of Minority Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences): "Origin of Korean Culture."
Xu Yongxie: "Ancient and medieval Korean language."

EXHIBITIONS & MUSEUM NEWS

This section may include overlaps with "Newsletter, EAAA" listings; for fuller information about art historical showings, subscribe to Newsletter, East Asian Art & Archaeology, Dept. Art History, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1357, USA.

BRITAIN
The British Museum's Museum of Mankind will be showing Pottery in the Making: World Ceramics Traditions through 31 December 1997. The exhibition compares pottery from around the world and through the ages covering such diverse societies as Mesolithic Japan, ancient Greece and Rome and Imperial China.
The British Museum's Green Wares Exhibition featuring 200 vessels as well as excavated sherds from East and West Asia was on exhibit through September 1997.
The Royal Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh hosted an exhibition entitled The Ivy Wu Gallery: China, Japan and Korea through 1 October 1997. Approximately 70 works from the collection of Nasser D. Khalili were featured, revealing the artistry and technical innovations of some of the finest Japanese lacquer. An illustrated catalogue by curator Joe Earle accompanied the show.

CHINA
The Shanghai Museum was inaugurated on 12 October 1996. Fax: 021-6372-1071.

JAPAN
Mounted Nomads of the Asian Steppe: Chinese Northern Bronzes was on display at the Tokyo National Museum between 13 May and 22 June 1997. Two hundred thirty-two Ordos bronzes from Japanese and American collections, the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, the Museum of East Asian Art Berlin and the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto were presented. See: http://www.tnm.go.jp.

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
The Hong Kong Museum of Art will show Gems of China's Cultural Relics through
1 March 1998. Over 160 works drawn from 30 Chinese museums and cultural institutions are featured. The objects range in date from the Neolithic period to the Qing dynasty and include bronzes, jades, ceramics, gold and silver, ivory, bone, lacquer, stone carvings, paintings and textiles.
Cultural Relics of Pre-Qin Periods from Hubie Province will be shown at the Art Museum, The Chinese University of Hong Kong from July through September 1998. For more information see: http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/amm/index.html.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA
The Ho-Am Art Museum in Yongin-gun, Kyonggi Province, showed Ancient Metalwork from Mr. Kim Dong-hyn's Collection in the Ho-Am Art Museum. Five hundred works were presented in remembrance of the Year of Culture. The exhibit previously appeared at the Ho-Am Art Gallery in Seoul (1-30 May 1997). For more information see: http://www.hoammuseum.org/english.

TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Continuing indefinitely at the National Palace Museum in Taipei is A Special Exhibition of Ju-i Scepters featuring artifacts from a Late Shang Dynasty Royal tomb. See: http://www.npm.gov.tw.

UNITED STATES
The Metropolitan Museum of Art reopened its second group of Chinese galleries on 22 May 1997. The Douglas Dillon Galleries and the newly-established Frances Young Tang galleries will display rotations of the Museum's collection of 8th- through 20th-century Chinese paintings. The Herbert and Florence Irving Galleries for the Decorative Arts of China will house jades, lacquers, textiles, metalwork and other objects dating from the 12th through 18th centuries.
The Freer Gallery of Art at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. is showing Seto and Mino Ceramics from 23 January 1996 through December 1998. Approximately fifty glazed ceramic pieces from the Seto and Mino regions of central Japan are presented in this exhibition. The exhibit demonstrates changes in the wares over the last 1,200 years. A color-illustrated catalogue, Seto and Mino Ceramics, accompanies the show. Also at the Gallery, Korean Ceramics opened 1 March 1997. Thirty works from the Three Kingdoms period (1st-7th centuries) to the Choson period (1391-1910) explore the role of ceramics in Korean culture. Ancient Chinese Pottery and Bronze also opened on 1 March 1997. This installation of 50 objects dating from the Neolithic period through the Bronze Age explores connections, particularly in shape and decoration, between ancient Chinese ceramics and bronzes. On 2 August 1997, the Gallery opened Shades of Green and Blue: Chinese Celadon Ceramics, an exhibition of 44 Chinese ceramics that illustrates the development of the large family of glazes known in the West as celadon.
At the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washinton D.C., The Arts of China exhibit continues indefinitely. Two hundred twenty-eight works of Chinese art dating from the fourth millennium B.C. to the twentieth century are on display. In March of 1996, a new selection of objects was installed. Highlights of the current installation include a group of Ming furniture lent by the Dr. S.Y. Yip Collection and scholars' rocks from the Richard Rosenblum Collection of Chinese Scholars' Rocks.
The Orlando Museum of Art showed Imperial Tombs of China between 2 May - 15 September 1997. For more information telephone: 407-629-9118.
Seeking Immortality: Chinese Tomb Sculpture from the Schloss Collection will be showing at the Taft Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 11 September - 9 November 1997. Mingqi from the Han to Tang dynasty are featured. The exhibit will travel to the Frank H. McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, where it will be from 6 December 1997 through 31 March 1998.
From 26 October 1997 through 4 January 1998, The Cleveland Museum of Art in Ohio will be showing When Silk Was Gold: Central Asian & Chinese Textiles from the Cleveland and Metropolitan Museums of Art. About sixty Central Asian and Chinese tapestries, silks, and embroideries ranging in date from the 8th to early 15th centuries will be on display. The exhibit will also be on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Ohio between 2 March and 17 May 1998. The accompanying catalogue includes essays by Anne Wardwell, James C.Y. Watt and Morris Rossabi. For more information see: http://www.clemusart.com.
Honoring the Soul: Ancient Chinese Tomb Figures will be at the Denver Art Museum until 14 December 1997. The third in a series of rotating, thematic displays from the extensive Sze Hong Collection of Chinese Art, this exhibition presents funerary figures from China's golden age, the Tang dynasty (618-906 A.D.). See: http://www.gallery-guide.com/gg/museum/denver/index.htm.
The Seattle Art Museum showed Korean Ceramics of the Koryo Dynasty: The Utterberg Collection through 2 November 1997. The works demonstrate the rich design and sophisticated technique of the Koryo celadon tradition. See: http://www.seattleartmusum.org.
Continuing indefinitely at the University of California's Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive is Pots from Unknown China, an exhibition of pottery from the slate tombs of Lixian in Sichuan province. For more information see: http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu.

LECTURES

Asian Studies Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
22 March 1997 Oracle Bone Seminar, QI Wenxin (Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing).

The British Museum, London.
3 July 1997 "The Forgeries of Dunhuang Manuscripts Conference: Results", by Prof. FUJIEDA Akira (University of Kyoto), Prof. Lewis Lancaster (University of California at Berkeley and Prof. Rong Xinjiang (Beijing University).

Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
18 March 1997 "Longshan Urbanism: the role of cities in pre-dynastic China", by Paola Dematte (J.P. Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities).
18 March 1997 "Segmentary organization of the Yangshao culture", by Yun Kuen LEE (Dept. of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton).

Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan.
18 May 1997 "You Can Take It With You: Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 A.D.) Money Trees" by Dr. Susan Erickson (University of Michigan at Dearborn).

East Asian Archaeology Seminar, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
21 March 1997 "Castles of the Archer Kings: Ruins of the Early Korean State of Koguryo in Northeast China", by Mark Byington (Harvard University).

Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
8 April 1997 "Point of view: ancient Chinese pottery and bronze", by Jenny So (Curator of Ancient Chinese Art).
10 June 1997 "Point of view: Korean ceramics", by Louise Cort (Curator of Ceramics).
19 September 1997 "Seminar on Ancient Chinese Patterned Bronze swords", by TAN Derui (Head of the Research Laboratory at Shanghai Museum).

IASSG Lecture Series, Stanford Univsity, Stanford, CT.
3 September 1997 "New nationalism on China's Central Asian frontier: path dependency and relational alterity", by Dr. Dru Gladney.
16 October 1997 "Privatizing paradise: a socio-political reading of the Pureland Painting in Dunhuang Cave 220", by Dr. QIANG Ning (San Diego State University). The paper abstract has been posted on eaanet.
5 November 1997 "A tour of Babel: horses, chariots, and the origins of the Indo-European languages", by Dr. David Anthony.
3 December 1997 "Petroglyphs of the Minusink Basin in Siberia and the origins of the animal style of Eurasia", by Dr. Henri-Paul Francfort and "Early cultures of the Tarim Basin" by Dr. Corinne Debaine-Francfort.

Institute of Archaeolgy, University College, London.
21 May 1997 "Recent Developments in the Chinese Paleolithic" by WANG Youping (Beijing University).

Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, New York, NY.
6 February 1997 "Of things sculptural and sexual: the iconography of fertility in the Anqiu Tomb", by ZHENG Yan (Curator, Shandong Provincial Museum; visiting scholar, University of Chicago).

Japan Forum, Reischauer Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
27 March 1997 "Beyond History: Edo archaeology and Japan's urban past", by Constantine Vaporis (University of Maryland at Baltimore County).

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge.
15 March 97 "The heavenly horses of Fergana", by Dr. Marsha Levine (NERC)
20 March 97 "Plants for making civilisations?: Archaeobotantical approach to social and cultural meanings of rice agriculture on its early stage in East Asia", by Leo Aoi Hosoya (George Pitt-Rivers Laboratory, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research).

National Palace Museum 86th Year Summer Cultural Conference, Taipei.
15 July 1996 "Overview of Shang and Chou bronzes", by Chang, Kuang-yuan.
16 July 1996 "Shang dynasty bronze inscriptions: the beauty of characters from 3000 years ago", by Chang, Kuang-yuan.
30 July 1996 "Technology 4: analysis of materials and archaeological research", by Chang, Shih-hsien.
15 July 1996 "The history and current situation of the National Palace Museum", by Chou, Kung-shin.

New York University, New York, NY.
27 March 1997 "The Three Gorges Dam and the fate of China's southern heritage", by Elizabeth Childs-Johnson.

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
10 April 1997 "1997 John A. Pope Memorial Lecture: Changing perspectives on Chinese ceramics", by John Ayers (former Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum).

The University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
10 April 1997 "A cultural journey through ancient China", by Marshall Wu (Senior Curator of Asian Art).
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeolgoy and Anthropology, Philadelphia.
11 November 1997 "Hagop Kevorkian Lecture: Before the Scythians: The Bronze Age Origins of Nomads on the Eurasian Steppe" by Dr. Natalia Shishlina (State Historical Museum, Moscow).

WWW SITES

http://jin.jcic.or.jp/navi/category_6.html
The Japan Information Network, a directory of museums and galleries provided by the Japan Center for Intercultural Communications (JCIC).

http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/default.html
The Huntington Archive, a photographic research and teaching archive of Buddhist and related arts at Ohio State University. Contents include: general information about the archive; a guide for successful photo documentation in field research; maps of Asia; a photographic guide to lost and stolen images of Afghanistan and Nepal; and two site requiring passwords--Asian Art History Image Study Site and Art of Newar Buddhism, Nepal.

http://www.kyohaku.go.jp
Kyoto National Museum, Japan, with collections including archaeological remains and antiques of Japan as well as works of Chinese art. A database of the collections to be featured on the homepage is currently under construction.

http://www.cis.dnp.co.jp/museum/icc-e.html
The Media Conference of Museums in Japan has a web site called Museum Information Japan. The site has a links page as well as providing an introduction to the organization.

http://www.narahaku.go.jp/hpeng.html
Japan's Nara National Museum's website (in Japanese). An English version of the homepage is under construction.

http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/eng.htm
The National Museum of Ethnology, Japan, with collections including ethnological materials of Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe and America.

http://trisun.rekihaku.ac.jp/rekihaku/index.html
The National Museum of Japanese History's website. The museum's collections contain historic, archaeological and ethnological materials of Japan. Its homepage includes links to related sites.

http://www.silk-road.com
The Silkroad Foundation (USA), which was established in 1996 to promote the study and preservation of cultures and arts on the Silkroad. The web page contents include: Foundation information, Silk Road chronology, Dunhuangology, travel, lectures, articles, bibliography, music, CD-ROM, links, search and news/events.

http://www.tnm.go.jp
Tokyo National Museum, Japan's first museum having the most extensive collection of Japanese art and archaeology as well as Chinese and Korean art. The site includes a database (in Japanese) of photographs of cultural properties and links to related sites.

NOTEWORTHIES

Notes in the current issue are referred to as NOTEWORTHIES No. 00, while those in a previous issue will be referred to as NOTEWORTHIES 00-00, with the issue number before the dash and the note number after the dash.

A SHIPWRECK IN NORTHERN FUJIAN
A shipwreck which has been dated to the 12th-13th centuries AD based on the types of ceramics found on board is being studied by researchers from the Western Australian Maritime Museum and the National Museum of Chinese History. Hundreds of green-glazed and black-glazed wares have been recovered including examples of black-glazed ware possibly made at Jianyang in Fujian. Presumably the ship was bound either for ports on the coast of China or for Japan where black-glazed tea bowls were highly prized.
A TANG DYNASTY TEA WARE KILN IN FUJIAN
According to Zhongguo Wenwu Bao (2 June 1996), a Tang dynasty (7th-8th century) tea ware kiln has been discovered in Jiangle county, Fujian province where archaeologists have previously found a number of Tang dynasty kilns that made ordinary green-glazed wares. The newly discovered kiln seems to have specialized in ceramic discs, grinding bowls, tea trays and handled kettles. The grinding bowls have a brownish green glaze on the exterior and an unglazed interior with crisscross incised lines which when used with a disc or a pestle would have crushed dry tea leaves into powder as required by Tang methods for preparing tea. The Jiangle wares are, however, not the fancy tea vessels described by contemporary tea master like Lu Yu and may perhaps represent a more modest style of tea drinking, perhaps confined to Fujian.
10th-12th CENTURY KILN COMPLEX EXCAVATIONS IN HUXI COUNTY
In 1995 and early 1996 the Hubei Provincial Museum and the Archaeology Department of Wuhan University carried out a second season of excavation at a large 10th-12th century kiln complex in Huxi county, not far from the Qingshan kiln complex that was discovered a few years ago (Zhongguo Wenwu Bao, 12 May 1996). The two newly excavated kilns produced high quality wares with bluish white, or qingbai, glazes. Some pieces are comparable in quality to contemporary qingbai wares from Jingdezhen. The front part of Kiln No. 1 was double-walled and contained numerous grey tiles under the collapsed kiln ceiling. The double wall is believed by the excavators to have been for retaining heat, and the tiles for supporting the arched kiln roof.
SHIPWRECKS IN MALAYSIA
Working jointly at first with the Malacca Museum and now with the National Museum of Malaysia, Sten Sjoestrand of Sweden is leading excavations of four shipwrecks in the South China Sea. The four ships, which are well enough preserved for their cargoes to be larely intact, have been preliminarily dated to the late 14th through the early 16th centuries.
One ship, dubbed the Royal Nanhai, is 28 meters long and holds tons of iron ore and thousands of ceramics, particularly Thai green-glazed Sawankhalok wares. Other ceramics include large martaban jars, some earthenwares, and a few Chinese and Vietnamese blue and white wares. The wreck has been dated to 1420-1470 AD. The second wreck, the Nanyang, measures 18 meters long and may hold as many as 20, 000 peices of Sawankhalok celadon and other wares. It has yet to be excavated. The third wreck site, named the Xuande, has not revealed traces of an actual ship, but side-scan sonar images suggest a shipwreck. Many of the ceramics in its cargo are Thai: underglaze black painted Sawankhalok wares and iron black Sukhothai "chakra" bowls. Among the finds are some Chinese ceramics with Xuande (1425-1436) reign marks. There is some dispute over the authenticity of the marks; they may be imitations from the Wanli or Tinaqi periods (1573-1627). The last of the ships, the Longquan, may be the largest Ming dynasty vessel ever found, estimated through the use of side-scan sonar to be at least 25 metres in length. It is believed to contain no fewer than 100,000 pieces of ceramics including Chinese white wares as well as Sukhothai fish plates and Sawankhalok celadons from Thailand. The Longquan is believed to date to the 14th century.
PUBLICATION ON TREASURE SHIPS IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Pearl Road: Tales of Treasure Ships in the Philippines was published in conjunction with the exhibition Centuries of Regional Interchange, The Pandanan Wreck, 1414. This shipwreck has yielded many 15th century Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese ceramics as well as bronze cannons, coins, lamps, mirrors and weighing scales. Contact: Allison Diem (one of the authors), Oriental Ceramic Society of the Philippines, P.O. Box 8080, Dasmarinas Village, Makati, Manila, Philippines.
GUILIN URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY
In an interview with ACRO Update (October 1996), a Guilin citizen, called CC who asked to remain anonymous, expressed concern about the fact that pre-construction archaeological investigations are not undertaken on building sites in the city. Guilin was already a major urban center by the 7th century AD. According to CC, ancient brick structures and sherds of Tang and Song ceramics can be readily seen on construction sites. CC collects sherds from construction sites, takes photographs, makes drawings and checks records in Guilin. Lately he has recovered large quantities of Changsha and Yue sherds from what he believes to have been the historic Kaiyuan Monastery. CC is in the process of compiling his chance finds into meaningful publications. He faces obstacles though: the authorities recently accused him of destroying archaeological sites while denying that construction projects were a problem. ACRO Update called for concerned persons outside China to demonstrate awareness of the problem that rapid development in China leads to destruction of the nation's cultural heritage.
SMITHSONIAN'S ASIAN ART & CULTURE CHANGES COURSE
As of Autumn 1997, the Smithsonian journal Asian Art & Culture will appear in the form of an annual book series with a new publishing parner, the University of Washington Press. The keynote title, "Occupation-Era Japan," appears this year. The Fall 1996 issue, the final title in the journal format, features the Himalayas. Back issues are still available from Oxford University Press, tel.: 800-852-7323.
CULTURAL MATERIAL CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION SPECIALISTS TRIP TO CHINA
The American People Ambassador Program organized a trip for conservation and preservation specialists to meet with their colleagues throughout China, as well as to visit archaeological sites, storage depots, restoration and conservation facilities, research laboratories and museums. The trip, which ran from 25 October through 8 November 1997, began in Beijing where the following museums were visited: the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology, the National Museum of Chinese History, The State Bureau of Cultural Relics, the Imperial Palace, the Temple of Heaven and the Great Wall. At Xian the visitors met with specialists from conservation and restoration facilities supported by German and Italian conservation organizations as well as visiting the tomb of Qin Shi Huang Ti. Archaeological sites which will be flooded when the Three Gorges Dam is completed were also visited. Finally, the Shanghai Museum and its Research Center and Fudan University were visited. For more information, contact The American People Ambassador Program, tel: 509-534-0439 or e-mail: cap@ambassadors.com.
YOSHINOGARI COIN FIND
A copper coin which belongs to the Shin era of China (1st century AD) was found in a stratum dated to the Japanese Yayoi era at the Yoshinogari ruins in Saga Prefecture in September. The coin's diameter is about 22mm and it has sqaure shaped holes measuring 7 mm each. The Chinese characters "Ka" and "Sen" are engraved on it indicating that it is an ancient Chinese "Kasen" coin. This discovery provides further evidence that people in the Yoshinogari area were actively trading with China during the first century AD.
FAR EASTERN INTERNATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDSCHOOL, JULY-AUGUST 1998
The Laboratory of Anthropology at the Far Eastern State University, Vladivostok, and the Deparment of Neolithic at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, invite students, graduate students and specialists interested in the archaeology of the Stone Age of the Far East to take part in the second season of the Far Eastern International Archaeological Fieldschool in July-August 1998 in the coastal zone of the Maritime Region (Russian Far East). The fieldschool programme includes: excavations of the Final Paleolithic sites Suvorovo-III and Suvorovo-IV, lithic experiments, evening reports and discussions with slides, and excursions to other archaeological sites and museums. For additional informations, please contact before 1 March 1998: Dr. Alexander A. Kryp'anko, Far Eastern State University, Laboratory of Anthropology, 56 Aleutskaya St., 690600 Vladivostok, Russia, fax: 74232-257-200 or Dr. Andrei V. Tabarev, Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, 17 Lavrentieva St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia, fax: 73832-357-791, e-mail: TABAREV@ARCHAEOLOGY.NSU.RU.
CALL FOR INFORMATION ON DR. DAVIDSON BLACK (BU DASHENG)
Dr. Julie Cormack of the University of California, Berkeley, and her colleagues are currently working on a research volume on Dr. Davidson Black. Dr. Black (also known as Bu Dasheng) was the Canadian anatomist responsible for the identification of Homo erectus fossils in China in addition to continued research at the site of Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) until his untimely death in 1934. Dr. Cormack is seeking unpublished details on Dr. Black's life including photographs, fieldnotes, etc, in addition to current unpublished information on the Asian perception of Homo erectus as part of the human phylogenetic tree. They are also seeking details on the role of Japanese scientific thought on Homo erectus, both current and during the time of Dr. Black. They have translation facilities for correspondence in both Chinese and Japanese. Please contact Dr. Julie L. Cormack, Anthropology, 232 Kroeber Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3710, USA, FAX: 510-643-8557, e-mail: cormack@qal.berkeley.edu.

CONFERENCES:

CONFERENCE CALENDAR

Titles new to this issue are emboldened and those dealing specifically with East Asia are starred

*Jan 20-21 '96: On Capitals as Ritual Spaces: A Conference on the Archaeology and History of Early Japanese Capitals, was held at Nara, Japan. For information contact TATENO Kazumi, Dept. of History, Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Nijo-cho 2-9-1, Nara 630, Japan.

*Feb 13-15 '96: La Serinde Terre d' Echanges: Art, Religion, Commerce du Premier au Dixieme Siecle (The Silk Road Symposium), was held in Paris, France. The symposium accompanied the Silk Road exhibition at the Grand Palais. For information contact: Mme Roche-Vouri, Service de la Diffusion Culturelle et de la Communication, Ecole du Louvre, Paris 75038, France, Tel: 1 40 20 56 05.

*Nov 1-4 '96: The International Symposium on Liangzhu Culture, was held at Yuhang City, Zhejiang.

*Nov 5-9 '96: Chinese Ancient Ceramic Society 1996 Annual Meeting, was held at the Jianyang County Museum. Four themes were discussed: Chinese black glazed wares; Zhangzhou (Swatow) wares; Shiwan-Xicun-Chaozhou wares; and other wares. Contact: YE Wencheng, fax: 592-2086-402.

*Aug 18-21 '97: The International Conference on China's Yin Shang Culture, Heze City, Shangdong. Topics of discussion included Shang archaeology, Shang culture as reflected in oracle bones, art, etc. Contact: WANG Yuxin, YANG Shengnan, Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan, Lishi Yanjiusuo, Jianguomen wai, Ritan lu No. 6, Beijing PRC.

*Sept 20 '97: Symposium on Chinese Bronze Bells, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, USA. A one-day symposium was held where four speakers presented papers on the history of this musical instrument in Bronze Age China. Contact: Robin Fan, Department of Chinese Art, Tel: 202-357-4880, Fax: 202-357-4911.

*Oct 6-10 '97: The International Conference on China's Ancient Astronomy and Traditional Culture, Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing. The main focus of discussion was research on the characteristics of ancient astronomy and mutual influences between astronomy and various aspects of traditional culture, including history, philosophy, literature, medicine, art, religion, technoloby, etc. Contact: ZHAO Dingli or JIAN Yaowen, Purple Mountain Observatory, 2 Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008 PRC, Tel: (86) 25-3308986, Fax: (86) 25-3301459, e-mail: pmoyl@bao01.ba0.ac.cn.

*Mid-Oct '97: Hongshan Culture and the Prehistoric Stone-structured Remains, Shenyang, Liaoning province, P.R.C. Contact: FANG Dianchun or GU Yucai, Liaoning Provincial Archaeology Research Institute, 26 Tenth Wei Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110003 Liaoning province, P.R.C., tel.: (24) 28233132, fax: (24) 2825842.

Mar 24-25 '98: Annual Paleoanthropology Society Meeting in conjunction with the Society for American Archaeology, The Sheraton Seattle Hotel and Towers, Seattle, Washington, USA. Two full days of paper presentations are planned. Partial airfare support will be available for some graduate students and non-U.S. resident presenters. Contact: Dr. John Yellen, Archaeology Program - Room 995, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington VA 22230.

*June 22-July 17 '98: Dunhuang Art and Society, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China. The Silkroad Foundation and the Dunhuang Research Academy will sponsor and conduct this special seminar, bringing together scholars from the US and China to lecture and discuss the Dunhuang Buddhist art, history and cultures. The program will include lectures, visits to the caves, museums and galleries, and field research updates. Contact: fax: 408-867-8669 or e-mail: alee@silk-road.com.

*Aug 18-23 '98: The First International Congress of Chinese Architectural History, Beijing. Sponsored by The Chinese Society of Architectural History and The Institute of Architectural History and Preservation of Historic Buildings, ten sessions covering all aspects of Chinese architecture and preservation are planned. Registration fee is US500 (US300 for students). Contact: Prof. Lu Zhou, School of Architecture, Beijing University, lvzhou@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn or Nancy Steinhardt: shtzmn@steinhardt.hep.upenn.edu.

PAPERS READ

For copies of the papers listed here, please contact either the symposium or panel organizer if the author is unknown to you

SOCIETY FOR EAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY (amEAAN): ROUND TABLE, AAS CONFERENCE, March 1997, Chicago.

Papers read were:
Hsu, Miao-lin (Univ. of Pittsburgh): From Luoyang to Changsha: A discussion on Warring States Mirrors.
Mirrors dated earlier than the Warring States period are either plain or very simply decorated, and therefore stand apart from the elaborate embellishment on contemporary bronze ritual vessels. During the Warring States their decoration expands and the mirrors are produced in large numbers. Increased patronage, which occurred as a result of decentralization in the late Zhou dynasty, was localized so that owners/patrons of mirrors began to include wealthy members of society in addition to the nobility. From excavated evidence, we can now see that mirrors were produced in many areas in the Warring States period. During this period, as the central control of the Zhou weakened, mirror-making and use was concentrated more in south China where about two thousand mirrors have been excavated. At this time, an official type of mirror served state-level rituals (the Luoyang type), while a new category of regional models (the Changsha type, or the so-called Hui and Chu types) were made for local rituals. The first type, the distinctive, elaborate "double tier" mirror has been associated with Jincun, Louyang. This style is modeled on bronzes of northern origin--such as tungpao, a knobbed reflective plate--or on round ornaments and tanglu, or openwork. The use of openwork applied to the other surface layer of the mirror created a three dimensional design. Somewhat later and in the south, the other tradition emerged. Characterized by fine, intricate patterns covering the entire background surface, this type included representational imagery with motifs such as intertwining snakes. The use of both types in the south as well as the scale in which they were produced reflects political and economic changes in Chinese society as well as a renewed emphasis on local rituals which now could incorporate materials from previously restrictive, "official" northern customs. The main themes and the regular placement of bronze mirrors in the burial has to do with prevailing beliefs in the south and an ideology about the origins of mirrors. The regular placement of bronze mirrors near the head, waist or legs of the deceased conveys a significance for them which is more specific than merely as an utilitarian object. Systematic examination of their burial placement, decor and numbers has lead to new explanations of their ritual function and meaning.

Linduff, Katheryn M. (Univ. of Pittsburgh): The Use of Archaeology and the Study of Art History.
The traditional way to deal with artifacts in both the Chinese and Western traditions is to take them out of archeological context and to group them by type and style. Such groupings are used as indicators of chronological sequences, of changes in taste among the elites, and so forth. Today issues of technology, use and patronage are of interest, but these questions are also rarely framed in the context of archaeological theory and modeling. This paper starts with another premise--that the ritual objects of early China can only be understood as a result of reasoning about context.
Liu, Chao-hui Jenny (SOAS): The Correlation Between Mural Figures and Niche Figurines in Tang Tombs.
In the study of art, clay figurines and murals, though from the same tombs, are studied as separate fields. In the past, this has been the case because there had been no detailed in situ maps of where these pieces had come from, and therefore, we cannot study their significance to the tomb as a whole. Recent archaeological discoveries have uncovered well preserved tomb murals in at least twenty-four tombs in the Shaanxi region. Seven of these, the Princes Zhanghuai and Yide, Princesses Yungtai and Changle, Li Shou, Ashi Nazhong and Zheng Rentai tombs contain murals of horse riders, standard bearers, carriages and attendants. Groups of figurines in the same tombs bear an uncanny resemblance to the murals' vehicles and personnel. For the first time, we can begin to piece together the relationship between these heretofore separate mediums. Some of this evidence, which forms the basis of this paper would suggest that they have some joint function in the overall symbolic program There are some points that have to be explained: horses with riders, vehicles and attendants are not restricted to the corridors and niches of the tomb. They also appear in burial chambers. Other types of figurines, chickens, pigs, and other domestic animals appear alongside camel trainers in some niches. It may be possible that they belong to different spheres within the tombs.

Rode, Penny (Univ. of Pittsburgh): Textiles and Group Identity in Late Bronze Age Yunnan.
For decades, Chinese archaeologists have recovered Metal Age remain from numerous sites around Lake Dian in central Yunnan Province. Among the most remarkable of these are the bronze vessels filled with cowry shells, some in the shape of kettle drums found elsewhere in Southeast Asia, and others in a tall, narrow profile unique to this region. On the lids of these containers, ancient craftworkers created minutely detailed scenes of people, animals, and buildings, all no more than a few inches tall. These figures engage in animated activities, interacting among themselves, with such realism that they are considered visual records of activities important to their society. The subject matter for these scenes include battles between mounted warriors and infantry, ritual sacrifice, feasting, and groups of women weaving Repeatedly in these bronze spectacles, Dian women are depicted as the elite of society: only women are shown being carried in palanquins, shaded by parasols, or depicted larger than the other figures. Often they are gilt bronze. Careful examination of burial contexts in elite graves of the early Metal Age has further demonstrated that women occupied the uppermost levels society. These circumstances do not persist over a long time span. After domination of the region by dynastic Chinese forces in the last century BC, women no longer were buried with the markers of high rank; nor were they depicted in art as the elite of society. The reasons for these changes partly lies in the changing role of locally produced cloth, which the evidence, both artistic and archaeological, suggests was controlled by certain aristocratic women of the Dian The Dian was a highly stratified society in which elaborate display served inter-elite competition. All the types of metal prestige goods indicative of high rank functioned in conspicuous display. It is likely that the cloth whose construction is illustrated in several lid scenes served a similar function. Although no Dian textile survives, we have enough evidence to demonstrate that certain types of cloth were highly valued, imbued wit significant economic and/or ritual importance. The raw material for this prestige textile was probably cotton. As central Chinese influence increased, evidenced by the establishment of the Yizhou commandery at Kunming in 109 BC, bronze objects of traditional local manufacture were replaced with exotic Chinese imports as elite prestige goods. Eventually, by the Eastern Han period, the furnishing of aristocratic Yunnan graves imitated typical Han inventories, either with Chinese objects, or locally made imitations. The metal objects which had conveyed status in the Dian, such as koushi, drums, head rests, etc., had virtually disappeared. In the same manner, imported Chinese silks no doubt replaced locally created cloth in elite display. Dian cotton cloth no longer was the expensive, desirable commodity valued by the Dian nobility, and the control of its construction did not convey the economic and social benefits it had in earlier times. As a result, Yunnan noblewomen lost the economic basis for the power, wealth and social position which the lid images recorded.

Yan, Ge (Univ. of Pittsburgh): The Pattern of Interaction: Sanxingdui During the Second Millennium BC.
The discoveries at Sanxingdui unexpectedly revealed an urban center in the Chengdu Basin, Sichuan. Equally unexpected, indigenous and Shang style artifacts coexisted at the site, with the Shang works presumably serving local purposes. From the perspective of interaction, this paper is an attempt to understand how and why this society was able to maintain its artistic identity while engaging in interaction with the more complex and powerful Shang The Chengdu Basin, known for its self-sufficient environment, was in a landlocked setting. During the third millennium BC, if not earlier, communities there became stratified and developed distinctive symbol systems. It was not until the next millennium that Sanxingdui connected with the middle-Yangzi region. Later the Sanxingdui complex gained regional dominance and was in extensive interaction within the basin and beyond. The mid-Yangzi areas, where communities grew rapidly after stimulation by the Shang, may have served as providers of Shang casting technology and artifact types to the Chengdu Basin area. Nevertheless, Sanxingdui was neither a Shang colony nor its direct exchange partner. Inter-regional contact served as a resource that strengthened Sanxingdui's position in a competitive regional network, which may have supplied subsistence goods and other materials. Studies of the Pacific Northwest, Burma and Mesoamerica, where elite arts in the less complex groups were assimilated by more complex partners, suggest that the changes of those elite arts are a parameter of interaction. Variables significant to the changes are: (i) base and level of social development of participating communities, or base of interaction; (ii) demand generated by the development, or motivation of interaction; (iii) resources available, or materials in exchange; and (iv) form of interaction, such as migration, warfare or trade. By comparison, Sanxingdui was among highly stratified local communities with an entrenched symbolism; was located in a self-sufficient environment; was in indirect contact with Shang; and was, therefore, allowed to develop continuously the indigenous identity while making use of "outside" art for its own sake. Methodologically, this study is characterized by its interpretation of interaction in a regional context, and by its modeling of archeological questions about ancient art.

JOINT EAST ASIAN STUDIES CONFERENCE (euroEAAN), 2-4-April 1997, under the auspices of the Centre for Research in East Asian Archaeology (CREAA), University of Durham, UK. Papers given on East Asia were:
Chen, Yu-Mei: Cultural contact and material culture change-an ethnoarchaeological example from the Yami of the Orchid Island.
Dallais, Philippe: Ainu archaeology in the '90s.
Grayson, James H.: Grandfather Tan'gun and Jimmu Tenno-is the Tan'gun myth unique?
Guo, Zhan: Cultural properties in China.
Jiao, Tianlong: New excavation on a major Late Shang site-Qianzhangda, Shandong.
Kendall, Laurel: Looking for 'The People' under glass: the National Folklore Museum of Korea.
Miyamoto, Kazuo: Social system of Neolithic Age in the middle and lower valley of Chang Jian river.
Morris, Martin N.: From the group up: Japanese architectural history and archaeology.
Seyock, Barbara: Hibaru site and Wanjin-den research.
Stephenson, Richard: Chinese and Korean astronomical records.
Wagner, Donald B.: Early iron in China.

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION 1997, 9-11 Sept 1997, Ise Japan. Papers given on East Asia were:
Adachi, Kazunari: Development of ultrasonic time-of-flight CT system for archaeological prospection.
Chen, Kuang-Jung: Geomagnetic observation near dam area.
Chujo, Riichiro: Molecular species detected in magnetic prospection with the aid of electron spectroscopy (ESCA).
Ercan, Fikret: Using fuzzy techniques in archaeological prospection.
Gao, Libing: Archaeological investigations with GPR method in China.
Goodman, Dean: Comparision of radar anomaly maps and excavations.
Ikeya, Motoji: Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) in archaeology.
Inokuchi, Hiroo, from the Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University (no title).
Ito, Koichi: Soil permitivity measurement using wire antennas for underground radar.
Jiaying, Ms.: Studies on the re-deposition of copper in corroded ancient Chinese bronzes.
Jung, Woong Ra: Underground tomogram from in situ data measured in the cross-borehole configuration.
Kamei, Hiroyuki: Geophysical survey of Hirui xx-Otsuka burial mound, Ogaki, Japan.
Kobayashi, Megumi: Application of geophysical exploration to archaeological investigation of Japanese castles.
Liu, Jianguo: Archaeological remote sensing in China.
Mori, Masato: Implementation of automatic resistivity surveying system and evaluation of data analysis.
Moriyama, Toshifumi: An application of polarization anisotropy coefficient to subsurface FM-CW radar.
Nishitani, Tadashi: Investigation of the underground structure of kofun using VLF-MT method.
Okita, Masaaki: The excavation of cemetery of 6th-7th century AD in Miyazaki, Kyushu Island.
Sato, Motoyuki: GPR applications to archaeology with boreholes.
Sato, Toru: Characteristics of a shape estimation algorithm for small subsurface objects.
Schmidt, Armin: Comparative study of magnetometer results from a kiln site near Ooto, Japan.
Shimizu, Masatsugu: Between Pulse Radar and FM-CW Radar.
Tohge, Miho: The application of geophysical methods and indications of graphics to investigation of ancient temples.
Wakita, Yoshiyuki: Measurement results on electromagnetic characteristics of soil.
Yamada, Hiroyoshi: Time-frequency analysis of the GPR signals for the hidden object discrimination.

CONFERENCE REPORT

Conference report: The International Symposium on Liangzhu Culture, by Elizabeth Childs-Johnson, Early China News 9: 1996

Annual meeting report: Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Early China, 14 March 1997, Early China News 9: 1996

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Bibliography

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The East Asian Tertiary/ Quarternary Newsletter, No.22/1996
Kōkogaku Kenkyū (Quarterly of Archaeological Studies), Vol. 44, No.1 (173), June 1997
Kōkogaku Kenkyū (Quarterly of Archaeological Studies), Vol. 44, No.2 (174), Sep 1997
Hanguk Koko-Hakbo, Journal of the Archaeological Society, No.37, Oct 1997
Nihon Kōkogaku, Journal of the Japanese Archaeological Association, No. 3, 1996

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EAANnouncements 23 Autumn 1997

EAANnouncements 23
Autumn 1997